Industrial Location Model by Phunziro Mphwina

A TOPIC REVIEW ON INDUSTRIAL LOCATION MODEL BY ALFRED WEBER. Geography despite being defined as a science it has a vast area of concern, whereby some of these areas touch the economic grounds a field which others identify not as a science. In geography Spatial science is the field that holds some of the economic aspects this is so as it looks at the economic functions of space. Krugman (1991:p6) defines spatial science as a geographical science that is concerned with the organization of things according to space.This is to say that the arrangement and distribution of things in line with space has a lot of effect on the efficiency of other economic processes. This led to the development of Alfred Weber’s â€Å"Industrial location model† in 1901 (McCann & Shaffer, 2004: p8). Where by Weber argued that the location of an industrial plant is determined the factors of transport costs, labor costs and agglomeration (Barnes, 1984: p1).This is the model which this essay intends to make a review on. |Adopting some of Weber’s factors as basis of their arguments Christaller and Losch thus the Central place theory and Von Thunen’s land use theory these theorists argued in similar vain as Weber. Weber assumed that there is an uneven distribution of natural resources. Thus raw materials are in not equal existence elsewhere, (Bradford & Kent, 1977: p43).Lokman (2003: p1) justifies Weber’s factor of resource distribution by relating it to one of Christaller’s assumptions that there is a homogeneous disperse of resources where he says one would choose to place his industry at location A which is 3 kilometers away from the market or location B which lies 5 kilometers away from the markets. Since there is an even existence of resources people would not be limited by resource availability an assumption which is very unreal.Weber disagrees to such a presupposition by bringing in reality where he says there is an uneven distribution of mater ial thus raw materials, fuel, and water needed for industrial production may be found only in particular locations. Consequently people would prefer to locate to the areas close both to the market and resources in order to minimize transport costs. Thereby distribution of raw material determining the location of an industry. Weber also continued to assume that the size and location of centers of consumption of the industrial products are given.This means that producers cover different sizes of land for their Industrial activities. This determines the location of the industry in that land as we enclose the market place tends to be costly this is so as it is more expensive because the producer would have low transport costs but pay high rent compared to other’s who located away from the market place but cover huge land that would let them cover up for the transport costs. (Barnes, 1984: p16) This assumption differs from that of Christaller and Von Thunen which assumes that ther e is an isotropic (all flat) surface. Therefore difference in land size determining location of an industry.In terms of labor Weber assumed that there are several fixed locations of labor where given rates operate, this is to say labor is immobile and unlimited at these locations (Bradford & Kent, 1977: p43). This is to say that since there area differences in distribution of raw materials which is one of the determining factors in the location of the industry. This means some locations could have increased access to labor and this means there would be law labor costs at such places other than in location that have low labor experiences whereby those employed would have to work extra hours which would result into extra labor costs.Therefore access to labor determining industry location. Despite the fact that most of Weber’s assumptions deviate from the Christaller and Thunen’s, he agrees with both of the, on the idea that all entrepreneurs work on minimizing the cost o f production and maximize their profits. (Calvert, 2010: p 45) describes some of the ways that these entrepreneurs adopt in order to elevate their profits. One of the ways is by investing in fields that are not faces with harsh government policies that lead to losses, the other solution to these losses is by going by transport systems that are cheap and efficient.In contrast Weber identified the three general regional factors that affect the costs of production namely, cost of raw materials, cost of transporting the raw materials and the cost of labor. These have been advanced by the assumptions. In terms of raw material cost Weber argues that raw material value determines their cost thus there are other material which are hard to get (Bradford & Kent, 1977: p43) give an example of mines where cost of mining some of the minerals outwits the cost of selling the minerals themselves, they also say these variations in mining difficulties prompts the reflection based on the transport and labor costs.Weber on the other hand identified agglomeration which is the effect produced when two different firms operate in the same area and tend to pull losses against each other. This is an economic situation where individual firms would suffer great losses for similar services. Weber suggests that these two firms can work hand in hand and access the desired services at a lower cost. This determines the location of an industry in that, one would choose a location where he will be able to link with other firms in order to access services at a more reasonable cost other than working individually (McCann & Shaffer, 2004: p10).Revisiting the cost of transporting the raw materials Weber differentiated two different types of raw material. He specifically explained that there are other materials that are used to the fullest thus upon extraction and processing there is a reasonable mass that is lost other than that which remains for full use. This means that the unneeded mass that as transported along with the end product just added extra costs other than the cost for transporting the real raw material. For example a company transports 5 kilos of iron ore for K2000.The ore from which 2 kilos is going to be extracted from, this is to say 3 kilos will be taken as wastes thus cost approximately K1000 which is a loss. This can be modified by adopting a different transporting system or changing the investment field. All in all Weber’s model though it was developed in the old days when technology had not fully sprouted it serves a great deal to the economic world, under the factors that have been discussed above. REFERENCES Bradford M. G. & Kent W. A (1977) Human geography theories and other applications Vol. 5 of Science in Geography, United Kingdom; Oxford University press.Barnes T. J. (1984) The place of locational analysis: a selective and interpretive history. Canada; University of British Columbia. Calvert L. (2012) Nature’s metropolis: The ghost d ance of Christaller and Von Thunen. PDF. Krugman P. (1991) Urban concentration: The role of increasing returns and transport costs. International Regional Science Review 19 Lokman O. (2003) Criticism on Christaller: PDF McCann P. & Shafer D. (2004) Regional Science: Location, agglomeration and infrastructure. United Kingdom; University of Reading press. ————————————————- CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI ———————————————— ————————————————- FACULTY OF EDUCATION ————————————————- ———————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ————————————————- COURSE TITLE. ————————————————- SPATIAL ORGANISATION ————————————————- COURSE CODE ————————————————- GEO 2203 ————————————————- ————————————————-TO —————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Mr. GONDWE ————————————————- FROM ————————————————- PHUNZIRO B. M. MPHWINA, BAED 15/02/11 ————————————————- ASSIGNMENT 1 ————————————————- ————————————————- ASSIGNMENT TITLE ————————————————- CHAPTER REVIEW ON INDUSTRIAL LOCATION MODEL. ————â €”———————————- ————————————————- DUE DATE: 19/04/12 Industrial Location Model by Phunziro Mphwina A TOPIC REVIEW ON INDUSTRIAL LOCATION MODEL BY ALFRED WEBER. Geography despite being defined as a science it has a vast area of concern, whereby some of these areas touch the economic grounds a field which others identify not as a science. In geography Spatial science is the field that holds some of the economic aspects this is so as it looks at the economic functions of space. Krugman (1991:p6) defines spatial science as a geographical science that is concerned with the organization of things according to space.This is to say that the arrangement and distribution of things in line with space has a lot of effect on the efficiency of other economic processes. This led to the development of Alfred Weber’s â€Å"Industrial location model† in 1901 (McCann & Shaffer, 2004: p8). Where by Weber argued that the location of an industrial plant is determined the factors of transport costs, labor costs and agglomeration (Barnes, 1984: p1).This is the model which this essay intends to make a review on. |Adopting some of Weber’s factors as basis of their arguments Christaller and Losch thus the Central place theory and Von Thunen’s land use theory these theorists argued in similar vain as Weber. Weber assumed that there is an uneven distribution of natural resources. Thus raw materials are in not equal existence elsewhere, (Bradford & Kent, 1977: p43).Lokman (2003: p1) justifies Weber’s factor of resource distribution by relating it to one of Christaller’s assumptions that there is a homogeneous disperse of resources where he says one would choose to place his industry at location A which is 3 kilometers away from the market or location B which lies 5 kilometers away from the markets. Since there is an even existence of resources people would not be limited by resource availability an assumption which is very unreal.Weber disagrees to such a presupposition by bringing in reality where he says there is an uneven distribution of mater ial thus raw materials, fuel, and water needed for industrial production may be found only in particular locations. Consequently people would prefer to locate to the areas close both to the market and resources in order to minimize transport costs. Thereby distribution of raw material determining the location of an industry. Weber also continued to assume that the size and location of centers of consumption of the industrial products are given.This means that producers cover different sizes of land for their Industrial activities. This determines the location of the industry in that land as we enclose the market place tends to be costly this is so as it is more expensive because the producer would have low transport costs but pay high rent compared to other’s who located away from the market place but cover huge land that would let them cover up for the transport costs. (Barnes, 1984: p16) This assumption differs from that of Christaller and Von Thunen which assumes that ther e is an isotropic (all flat) surface. Therefore difference in land size determining location of an industry.In terms of labor Weber assumed that there are several fixed locations of labor where given rates operate, this is to say labor is immobile and unlimited at these locations (Bradford & Kent, 1977: p43). This is to say that since there area differences in distribution of raw materials which is one of the determining factors in the location of the industry. This means some locations could have increased access to labor and this means there would be law labor costs at such places other than in location that have low labor experiences whereby those employed would have to work extra hours which would result into extra labor costs.Therefore access to labor determining industry location. Despite the fact that most of Weber’s assumptions deviate from the Christaller and Thunen’s, he agrees with both of the, on the idea that all entrepreneurs work on minimizing the cost o f production and maximize their profits. (Calvert, 2010: p 45) describes some of the ways that these entrepreneurs adopt in order to elevate their profits. One of the ways is by investing in fields that are not faces with harsh government policies that lead to losses, the other solution to these losses is by going by transport systems that are cheap and efficient.In contrast Weber identified the three general regional factors that affect the costs of production namely, cost of raw materials, cost of transporting the raw materials and the cost of labor. These have been advanced by the assumptions. In terms of raw material cost Weber argues that raw material value determines their cost thus there are other material which are hard to get (Bradford & Kent, 1977: p43) give an example of mines where cost of mining some of the minerals outwits the cost of selling the minerals themselves, they also say these variations in mining difficulties prompts the reflection based on the transport and labor costs.Weber on the other hand identified agglomeration which is the effect produced when two different firms operate in the same area and tend to pull losses against each other. This is an economic situation where individual firms would suffer great losses for similar services. Weber suggests that these two firms can work hand in hand and access the desired services at a lower cost. This determines the location of an industry in that, one would choose a location where he will be able to link with other firms in order to access services at a more reasonable cost other than working individually (McCann & Shaffer, 2004: p10).Revisiting the cost of transporting the raw materials Weber differentiated two different types of raw material. He specifically explained that there are other materials that are used to the fullest thus upon extraction and processing there is a reasonable mass that is lost other than that which remains for full use. This means that the unneeded mass that as transported along with the end product just added extra costs other than the cost for transporting the real raw material. For example a company transports 5 kilos of iron ore for K2000.The ore from which 2 kilos is going to be extracted from, this is to say 3 kilos will be taken as wastes thus cost approximately K1000 which is a loss. This can be modified by adopting a different transporting system or changing the investment field. All in all Weber’s model though it was developed in the old days when technology had not fully sprouted it serves a great deal to the economic world, under the factors that have been discussed above. REFERENCES Bradford M. G. & Kent W. A (1977) Human geography theories and other applications Vol. 5 of Science in Geography, United Kingdom; Oxford University press.Barnes T. J. (1984) The place of locational analysis: a selective and interpretive history. Canada; University of British Columbia. Calvert L. (2012) Nature’s metropolis: The ghost d ance of Christaller and Von Thunen. PDF. Krugman P. (1991) Urban concentration: The role of increasing returns and transport costs. International Regional Science Review 19 Lokman O. (2003) Criticism on Christaller: PDF McCann P. & Shafer D. (2004) Regional Science: Location, agglomeration and infrastructure. United Kingdom; University of Reading press. ————————————————- CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI ———————————————— ————————————————- FACULTY OF EDUCATION ————————————————- ———————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ————————————————- COURSE TITLE. ————————————————- SPATIAL ORGANISATION ————————————————- COURSE CODE ————————————————- GEO 2203 ————————————————- ————————————————-TO —————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Mr. GONDWE ————————————————- FROM ————————————————- PHUNZIRO B. M. MPHWINA, BAED 15/02/11 ————————————————- ASSIGNMENT 1 ————————————————- ————————————————- ASSIGNMENT TITLE ————————————————- CHAPTER REVIEW ON INDUSTRIAL LOCATION MODEL. ————â €”———————————- ————————————————- DUE DATE: 19/04/12

Mass and Gravitational Potential Energy

WORK and ENERGY Work done by a constant force 1-The drawing shows a plane diving toward the ground and then climbing back upward. During each of these motions, the lift force acts perpendicular to the displacement , which has the same magnitude, 1. 7 ? 103 m, in each case. The engines of the plane exert a thrust , which points in the direction of the displacement and has the same magnitude during the dive and the climb. The weight of the plane has a magnitude of 5. 9 ? 104 N. In both motions, net work is performed due to the combined action of the forces , and . a. Is more net work done during the dive or the climb?Explain. b. Find the difference between the net work done during the dive and the climb. Answer: a. More net work is done during the dive. b. 6. 8 ? 107 J 2- Find the work done by a force through a displacement of 3m in the positive x direction Work-Energy theorem and kinetic energy 3-The mass of the space probe is 474-kg and its initial velocity is 275 m/s. If the 56. 0-m N force acts on the probe through a displacement of 2. 42? 109m, what is its final speed? Answer: 4-Example 2: Skier Gravitational Potential Energy, Conservative versus Nonconservative Forces 5-The gymnast leaves the trampoline at an initial height of 1. 0 m and reaches a maximum height of 4. 80 m before falling back down. What was the initial speed of the gymnast? Answer: 6-A man lifts a book of mass 0. 45 kg at a constant speed from a shelf 1. 2 m high to a shelf 2 m high 1) calculate: a)The change in PE b)The work done by the man c)The work done by gravity 2) If the book falls down from the second shelf, calculate its speed as it passes the first shelf, and its speed when it hits the ground. The Conservation of Mechanical Energy 7-A motorcyclist is trying to leap across the canyon by driving horizontally off a cliff 38. 0 m/s.Ignoring air resistance, find the speed with which the cycle strikes the ground on the other side. Answer: 8-The skateboarder in the drawing starts down the left side of the ramp with an initial speed of 5. 4 m/s. If nonconservative forces, such as kinetic friction and air resistance, are negligible, what would be the height h of the highest point reached by the skateboarder on the right side of the ramp? 9-The drawing shows a person who, starting from rest at the top of a cliff, swings down at the end of a rope, releases it, and falls into the water below. There are two paths by which the person can enter the water.Suppose he enters the water at a speed of 13. 0 m/s via path 1. How fast is he moving on path 2 when he releases the rope at a height of 5. 20 m above the water? Ignore the effects of air resistance. 10-The figure below illustrates the motion of a mass m = 300 kg as it slides along a track, which has smooth segments (frictionless). If the mass was released from rest at point A on the track, fill the table below. PEKEMEv A B C D E Nonconservative Forces and the Work–Energy Theorem 11-The 8 kg mass shown in the Figure moves 5 m up an inclined (? = 30o) rough surface (? k= 0. 2) as a result of the applied tension (T = 40N).If the mass started from rest and neglecting the masses of the pulley and the string, find: a. The work done by the frictional force b. The work done by gravitational force c. The work done by tension d. The speed of the object at the end of its motion 12-From point A to B on the rough surface, the cyclist lost 2000J of energy due to the frictional force of the rough surface of the 10 m road. She started with an initial speed vA at point A, arriving at point B with a speed of vB. The cyclist barely made it to the flat part (point C) of the frictionless surface without pedaling.If the weight of the bike and the cyclist is 980N, and point C is located at h = 0. 5 m above the ground, find: a. The speed of cyclist at point B, vB b. The speed of cyclist at point A, vA c. The coefficient of kinetic friction, Â µk , between the bike tires and the road. 13-The figure below depicts the motion of a mass m = 300 kg as it slides along a track, which has one smooth segment and two rough segments of kinetic friction coefficient of 0. 4. If the mass was released from rest at point A on the track, a. Find the point where the KE of the mass is zero (i. e. oint E where the mass comes to a complete stop) b. Plot (draw) the kinetic energy of the 300 kg mass as a function of position from point A until point D. [Show all work, use proper scale, show equations and substitution with units and show all points on the graph]. 14-The ambulance shown in the figure below (3000 kg) slides down a frictionless incline that is 10m long. It starts from rest at point A. Then it continues along a rough surface (BC) until it comes to a complete stop at point C. a. Calculate its speed at point B b. If the coefficient of kinetic friction of the rough segment (BC) is 0. , calculate the distance d the ambulance slides on before stopping. Power 15-Bicyclists in the Tour de France do enormous amou nts of work during a race. For example, the average power per kilogram generated by Lance Armstrong (m = 75. 0 kg) is 6. 50 W per kilogram of his body mass. a. How much work does he do during a 135-km race in which his average speed is 12. 0 m/s? b. Often, the work done is expressed in nutritional Calories rather than in joules. Express the work done in part (a) in terms of nutritional Calories, noting that 1 joule = 2. 389 ? 10-4 nutritional Calories. 16-You are working out on a rowing machine.Each time you pull the rowing bar toward you, it moves a distance of 1. 2 m in a time of 1. 5 s. The readout on the display indicates that the average power you are producing is 82 W. What is the magnitude of the force that you exert on the handle Graphical analysis 17- The graph below represents the kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and total mechanical energy of a moving block. Which statement best describes the motion of the block? a) Accelerating on a flat horizontal surface b) Sliding up a frictionless incline c) Falling freely d) Being lifted at constant velocity e) A fluid flowing in a river

Proposal-determine if the cell cycle proteins are expressed at Essay

Proposal-determine if the cell cycle proteins are expressed at different stages of nurse cell development in Trichinella spires infected muscle - Essay Example The life cycle of Trichinella begins with larvae being ingested raw or undercooked, pork meat. The larvae attach and bury themselves in the intestinal mucosa developing into adults in the small intestines. The adults in the intestinal mucosa mate producing more larvae. A single female can produce up to 1500 over a period of 1 to for weeks. The produced larvae then enter the lymph and mesenteric veins traveling throughout the body eventually attaching itself as a cyst in the striated muscle. The cyst helps the Trichinella species to survive the host’s immune system. The larva may remain viable for up to 25 years in humans. The viable cysts when ingested by a new host they become viable again beginning the cycle. The nematodes of genus Trichinella infect a wide range of mammal’s reptiles and birds. The parasite usually alternate between the enteric and skeletal muscle stages within their hosts. The eleven known genotypes are made up of two categories. The first is the species that encapsulation occurs and that one that no encapsulation occurs. (Zarlenga et al. 2004). T spirally is the most common cause of human infections, and much of the proposal will discuss this species. The T spirally usually inhabits the host muscle cells and become encapsulated. The Trichinella species is found in a broad geographic range from the tropics to the Arctic. The encapsulated species shows more adaptations to colder climates as compared to the encapsulated species. The major hosts of Trichinella species are sylvatic swine and domestic swine. The synanthropic group of animals such as rat’s cats, dogs, and carnivore also from the host to the Trichinella species. The high infections to swine mean that Trichinella species spread to most continents thus showing a cosmopolitan distribution in equatorial and temperate climates (Pozio 2001). The species has been classified into three by use of molecular phylogenetics(Blaxter et al. 1998).

Ways of knowing are a check on our instinctive judgments To what Essay

Ways of knowing are a check on our instinctive judgments To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example Undeniably, life comprises a series of instinctive judgements; nevertheless, the sources of these decisions have attracted attention from different scholars. Despite many theories and publications, ways of knowing are a check to our instinctive judgements as proven in the paper. Notably, different ways of knowing exists depending on various factors. Consciousness is a moral obligation to make rational choices in life regarding certain topics. It is the ability to configure internal aspects of brain to conform to the ever-changing external environment. However, the key question separating imagination from institution presents various ways of knowing that complement instinctive judgment. To start with is reason or logic. Notably, reason is a privilege of knowing in the contemporary life. It is a quality of life dated back to the 18th century and can be traced to fathers of philosophy like Plato and Socrates. Enlightenment in the ways of knowing makes reason an important aspect of life. Conceivably, the uncertainties surrounding knowledge justifies the application of reason to deduce the instinctive decisions from many perspectives. Apparently, the use of senses to make important decisions can be challenging without higher capacities to reason (Pickstone 41). Many senses deceive while others cloud people’s judgement. It, therefore, is important to find the right way to reason and rationally make the right decisions. From this perspective, reason proves to be a reliable element of knowing. Undeniably, every area of knowledge is only valid and remains rational in the presence of a reason. It is a non-contested fact that mathematics is an argument of formulas and claims, which must have proof. The summation of one and one cannot be five, three or any other number apart from two. The answer traces back to the numerical strength of knowledge that only

Information Collection and Retention of sensitive information on Users Research Paper

Information Collection and Retention of sensitive information on Users - Research Paper Example he customers personal data for good reasons, such as understanding customer needs and preferences, there has been a growing concern among consumers who argue that it is unethical for companies to retain personal and private data of a consumer without the consent of a customer. This document will analyze the extent to which companies retain users sensitive information and the kind of information that companies hold and the reasons for holding such sensitive information. According to Martin (2014), data mining has been on the increase in the recent past. As the business environment increasingly becomes competitive, companies are looking for every little opportunity to enable them stay ahead of the park. Currently, most big companies are collecting and retaining personal data of their customers for organizational use. Experts say that the private data of most customers are currently being held by big companies. In fact, Martin (2014) notes that every time an individual surfs on the Internet and click on a website, use a mobile app, post something on social media or make a comment via an e-mail or call center, the information provided is retained by the companies for future use. Although most companies keep the customers personal data for good reasons, there has been a growing concern among consumers who note that it is unethical for companies to retain personal and private data of a consumer without the consent their consent. Additionally, consumers are concerned that keeping private data about a customer exposes a customer at risk because the data may be hacked, thereby causing harm to a customer. This document will analyze the extent to which companies retain users sensitive information and the kind of information that companies hold and the reasons for holding such sensitive information. With the advancements in technology and the increased propagation and usage of the Internet, most big companies such as Google, Apple and Facebook are mining the data of

BMW Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Agency Structure - Research Paper Example The agency oversees the public lands and minerals. It is accountable for about 264 million acres of the American lands. In the federal administration structure, the agency falls under the Department of Interior, the body entrusted with the supervision and protection federal lands and issues concerning to American citizens. The BLM is an executive department agency with the cabinet secretary accountable for the Interior department monitoring activities of the agency. The Bureau of Land Management budget request jurisdiction lies with the subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies (NARA, 2011). In functional classification of the federal government, the BLM agency’s activities fall under the Natural Resource and Environment section. The section has a responsibility of developing, administering and maintaining the country’s natural resources and surroundings. In this category, the BLM agency lies under the sub-function Conservation and Land management. This agency has a role of managing, building and establishing water and associated resources in the American lands. In the federal structure, the agency falls under the executive arm of the government. The agency is coordinated by the Department of Interior. The Interior cabinet secretary has a direct control over the agency’s activities (Welch, 2010). The U.S government directly funds the agencies’ activities. Bureau of Reclamation is an executive agency. The agency has four main centers, the lower Colorado center, the mid-Pacific center, the Northwest and Upper Colorado region. In the functional classification of the federal government, the Bureau of Reclamation activities falls under the Natural Resource and Environment clause. Within the Natural Resource and Environment section, the Bureau of Reclamation agency lies under the sub-function water resources. The Agency’s fund is utilized in constructing dams, canals and in establishing power stations ( NARA, 20 11). Presently, the

Ulysses S. Grant and The Gilded Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Ulysses S. Grant and The Gilded Age - Essay Example To be fair, keeping up with such expansion would have been a difficult task for any man. The challenges seem mind-boggling, even by contemporary standards. After the Civil War the United States was saddled with a huge national debt, the South's economy was virtually destroyed, the West was being opened up at a rapid pace (despite the increasingly desperate resistance of those whom Grant called "the original occupants of the land"), and the industrialization would very shortly make U.S. productivity soar above that of the United Kingdom. New inventions small and large were changing American life at a dizzying pace: the telegraph, the vast expansion of the railroads, gaslight, the iron-hulled, steam-engined ocean liner and battleship, new agricultural machinery, the safety razor, the repeating rifle, the fountain pen-there seemed no end to American invention and ingenuity-while at the same time the cities of the Northeast and Midwest expanded at breakneck speed to accommodate millions of new immigrants, creating a building boom and sending land prices sky high.4 Faced with all of these challenges, Grant took an unheard of approach in selecting members for his cabinet. He had long since made known his disdain for the political games of Washington. And rather than appoint public officials well-versed the problems of the day, Grant opted to appoint a collection of personal acquaintances and former military connections. Of course, "traditional interpretations of the Grant administration assert that the president-elect erred in not consulting broadly among the nation's political leaders before selecting his cabinet."5 The Senate, initially stunned by... This essay starts with a discussion of the general-turned-president, Ulysses S. Grant. While history cannot help but respect Grant’s morals and ethics in dealing with highly sensitive issues, the corruption that flourished during his terms, and even in his own administration, often casts a more memorable shadow over the era. Indeed, although an entire book could be dedicated to said corruption, and some have, this essay focuses in Grant’s rise to the presidency and his administration’s dealings in: The Gold Ring, Native American Population, The Whiskey Ring, and technology and labor advances following his terms. Fresh off landmark victories in the Civil War, Grant was quite possibly the most popular man in America. He was a landslide winner for the Republican Party without even making a single stumping speech. Grant was noted for his steadfast determination to meet resistance and pound away until he emerged victorious. Abraham Lincoln, when asked why he liked Gra nt responded, simply, â€Å"He fights.† It can surely be said that for eight years, Grant swam against the tide of public opinion in hopes for peaceful Indian assimilation. With the economy on the upswing, Reconstruction slowly working, Indian assimilation in progress, and rapid expansion into the West, Grant was a landslide winner for a second term. His second term, however, would be much more troublesome than the first. In addition to the rise to prominence of the Klu Klux Klan, Grant’s primary focus was on eliminating corruption from big business.

The Theology of Pastoral Counseling Essay Example for Free

The Theology of Pastoral Counseling Essay The present paper dwells on the theology of being a pastoral helping presence. It articulates the theological stance in pastoral counseling that can also be defined as spiritual/soul counseling in the contemporary setting. The point of view chosen is the one of the person who is a helping professional. The paper traces the patterns in which counseling and theology are enmeshed in the process of conducting pastoral help: to be precise, the concept of counseling, the specifics of pastoral counseling, the place of religion in conducting and receiving pastoral counseling, the dichotomy of body and soul, spirituality, the processes that structure human perception in regard of counseling needs, and. For the goals of the paper it is important to define the basic concept of pastoral counseling. One may think that the process takes place in a church or some other religious environment exclusively. Judging from the examples of modernity, though, such point of view is hardly correct. As one may see, religion stopped being chained solely to the church as the place where sermons are served and other religious ceremonies are conducted. Once Ross stated that pastoral counseling â€Å"helps each person tell their story in a faith context as well as within their personal context. † It means that the issues of religious faith and helping presence are important in any environment, be it the church, the clinic or home. To add, there is no suppression of the personal mode and value in the pastoral helping process; the specific issue of a person being counseled is integrated into the rich theological system. By theology the research often means the narrow discipline of religious thought. Such a restriction prevents counseling (especially pastoral counseling) to develop in full splendor. One of the arguments against the narrowing of â€Å"theology†-concept is tolerance. Pastoral helping is of high value for both the believers and non-believers in terms of Christian or other faith. The situation of conflict (death, the change of state, loss, disruptive emotions or actions, etc. ) is the common reason for a human being to seek help and clinical or pastoral counseling. Non-pastoral counseling enables a person to look for the conflict resolution but the effect may be unstable and incomplete; meanwhile, pastoral presence makes a person to understand the chain of spirituality and the integrity of existence. If to recall Jonah in the belly of the fish, non-pastoral counseling is the process of Jonah’s salvation from the perilous situation, whereas pastoral counseling makes a human being in crisis open-eyed to the Revelation. Ross after Abram called the pastoral counseling an arena or a ‘transitional space’ in which some revelatory understanding of experience can be developed. The revelation or discovery of God is better structured in the process of pastoral counseling because it comprises moral, ethical and metaphysical elements of a universal theological system and the necessities of everyday human life. The aforesaid necessities visibly echo to the religious concepts such as the one of Holy Trinity, the Exodus, the actions of Prophets and Saints. The essence of pastoral helping, thus, is the one of relationship, revelation and hope. It is interesting to research here the essence of helping and problem solving provided in pastoral counseling in comparison to psychotherapeutic counseling and physical care. According to Ross, pastoral counseling is a relationship in which a person agrees to explore issues of meaning and being, helped by another, drawing on psychological and spiritual insights informed by a tradition shaped within a community of faith. The mentioning of psychological and spiritual insights drives the researcher to recall about psychology and psychiatry with their concept apparatus. These sciences aim at mental healing in the similar was as medicine aims at physical healing. The comparison of psychology, medical care and pastoral counseling makes one think that mind and body are traditionally seen as separate realms of a human being of unequal value. The understanding of soul is even more deemed. Most people see the soul as something opposite to the body or inferior to it. Plato stressed the eternal nature of soul that had been created prior to body; the body was mortal, whereas the soul could not die. In the Old Testament, meanwhile, people are referred to as living souls. The concept of soul means a lot for pastoral counseling as it was proved in the brilliant article by Malony who suggested an extensive discourse on the questions of the soul/spirituality/soulness/soulishness element in counseling. Malony criticized both the rational/emotive approach (Albert Ellis, 1965, 1980) and the nouthetic approach (Jay Adams, 1970, 1979) to counseling in regard to the spiritual filler. The former treats a human being as the physically-oriented creature whose primary task is to adjust to environment. The latter approach emphasizes the salvation of soul in religion as the primary task for a human being. Malony proposed a monistic approach or nonreductive physicalism in order to treat human beings as body/soul unities or entities. Such a dichotomous integrity of flesh and soul in a life was perfectly worded in the famous saying from John 1:14, â€Å"And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us. † One may assume that there is no rigid boundary between physical and spiritual worlds which are interconnected. In the post-modern environment the genuinely theological quest for the human soul was inherited by psychology with its concepts of mental processes, ego, emotional and cognitive drivers. This theological-psychological relay does not imply complete identity. Whereas theological perspective used to find love, the psychological one means libido. In other words, whereas psychotherapeutic science concentrates on the stimuli or causes for disruptive mental processes, on symptomatic analysis and the structure of mental reactions, theological counseling seems to be more â€Å"interested [†¦] in correcting causes† of human conflicts. And pastoral counsels sincerely believe that the human soul may be tortured with pain and desperation in the same way as the human body may be tortured with cancer. It is the soul which is aided in pastoral counseling. James (1985) assumed that there are four cognitive/perceptual processes that strengthen soul in the process of establishing spiritual integrity and managing conflicts and grieves according to divine laws. He spoke of insights, understandings, feelings, and actions which seem to be brain functions. But Malony noticed that the aforesaid processes are enriched with new meaning when they focus on â€Å"transempirical reality. † In the process of pastoral counseling the current and daily issues of a person in need are reframed against the eternal spiritual and theological perspective. A person is guided to the understanding that â€Å"we are not alone, since the creation points to one who is beyond us so that the ‘why’ question becomes the ‘who’ question. † John Patton (1990) shrewdly stated that pastoral counseling â€Å"involves assisting persons to move from talking generally about themselves and specifically about their problems to talking specifically about themselves and generally about their problems. † Malony, Ross and Patton similarly emphasized the value of theological perspective that made pastoral counseling a powerful media to guide living souls through unstable situations and problematic issues. Like psychotherapeutic or clinical counseling, the pastoral one has the aim of helping the person to fit into the environment in the healthy and authentic way. Any counseling means â€Å"personal healing and social involvement;† it develops diagnosis of the problem into a new process of active self-rediscovering, which is â€Å"a healing endeavor based on active listening and the giving of counsel. † But pastoral counseling has a more valuable effect on a person due to its theological underlining. It helps a person to rediscover and straighten his/her spirituality instead of momentous fixing of a problem with all the spiritual gains and revelations sinking into oblivion the other day. To put it in a nut-shell, the pastoral helping encompasses several systems of knowledge and action including psychology, therapeutic care, communication as well as theological perspective. Though pastoral counseling activates the same brain functions as psychotherapy does – e. g. , insights, understandings, feelings, and actions pastoral counseling seems to be better organized than counseling per se from the transempirical point of view. The pastoral helping reminds people of the higher sense and meaning in life which is not just the implementation of mechanistic and materialistic rules. The relations between the participants of the counseling process are holistic in sense that the recipient of counseling is no less valuable and worth to exist than the pastoral counselor. The latter is always kept on guard by the warning given to Ezra, â€Å"You are not a better judge than God, or more intelligent than the Most High! † It is no surprise that Donald Capps (1981) named counseling â€Å"the activity of God. † The person being counseled analyzes the specific processes of his/her specific life and, simultaneously, he/she is helped to view his/her particularities from the eternal, longitudinal, divine perspective. Works Cited The Complete Bible: An American Translation, trans. J. M. Powis Smith and Edgar J. Goodspeed [book on-line] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939, accessed 10 February 2006), 26; available from Questia, http://www.questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=82397656; Internet. Lyall, David. â€Å"Pastoral Counselling In a Postmodern Context. † In Clinical Counselling in Pastoral Settings, edited by Gordon Lynch, 7-21. London: Routledge, 1999. Malony, H. Newton. â€Å"Counseling Body/Soul Persons. † International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 8. 4 (1998): 221-242. Ross, Alistair. â€Å"The Place of Religious Tradition in Pastoral Counselling. † In Clinical Counselling in Pastoral Settings, edited by Gordon Lynch, 37-50. London: Routledge, 1999.

Trends In Matrimonial Advertisements Media Essay

Trends In Matrimonial Advertisements Media Essay Society comprises of group of people residing together with different wants, needs, demands but common interest. Society consists of different region religion to come together and share their experiences, problems, happiness sorrows. How to react in society, one learns from his/her family. We have family members who teach and instruct us how to behave in the society. From where this society begins? It begins from home. Marriage (also called matrimony or wedlock) is a social union or legal contract between people called spouse that establishes rights and obligations between the spouses, between the spouses and their children, and between the spouses and their in-laws. The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged. Show me a man or a woman alone and Ill show you a saint. Give me two and theyll fall in love. Give me three and theyll invent the charming thing we call society. Give me four and theyll build a pyramid. Give me five and theyll make one an outcast. Give me six and theyll reinvent prejudice. Give me seven and in seven years theyll reinvent warfare. Man may have been made in the image of God, but human society was made in the image of His opposite number, and is always trying to get back home. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Stephen King, The Stand. The marriages planned in heaven but commence on earth. Nowadays the various consultancy, bureaus, print media, new media etc. are striving their best in helping the bachelors to find their suitable match. Print media comprises of newspapers, magazines, journals, books, direct mail, etc. Advertisement carried by print media is known as print advertisements. The newspaper being a vehicle delivers messages along with news, views, entertainment, columns etc. The large group of readers get interest in advertising content published in the newspapers which varies from person to person. A newspaper is typically either a daily or weekly publication that is regarded, with some exceptions, as a local advertising medium. Newspapers normally selects their news, features and editorial subjects with an eye to the wants and needs of people with in a particular community. Newspaper advertising can be classified as follows: Classified advertisements Classified display advertisements Display advertisements Insertials etc. Classified advertisements: As the name implies, classified advertisements are placed under a specific heading called classified. They are dull and dark form of advertising with no matter of display. These are very cluttered and cheap in rates. It is the reader who put an eye of his interest. Example: wanted ads, sale purchase ads, to-let ads, matrimonial ads etc. Classified display advertisements: In these type of advertisements a little matter of display is added to make the advertisement stand individually from the cluttered classified advertisements. In this advertisement display involves borders, larger types, white space and illustrations are added. Example: tender notice, government notices, legal notices etc. Display advertisements: such type of advertisements are attractive and eye pleasant element of newspaper. It is placed on news pages. It work as a crown for front page. It carries glamour pictures, multicolor, illustrations which please the eyes of the reader to go through. They are costly and generate huge revenue for newspapers. Examples: commercial advertisements of goods and services. Insertials: insertials means are those advertisements which are inserted in newspapers. They also carry messages in the form of advertisements. Examples: pamphlets, leaflets etc. Matrimonial advertisements fall under the category of classified advertisements. The following picture shows that matrimonial advertisements placed in one of the leading newspaper known as The Tribune But nowadays we have hybrid style of matrimonial classified advertisements. The following picture shows the matrimonial advertisements placed in one of the leading newspaper known as The Times of India. Review of Literature:    R.S Pathak stated in  Matrimonial Advertisements in India: A Sociolinguistic Profile (june,2005) The interrelationship between language and society, through highly complex, looms large over the present-day sociolinguistic deliberations. Language, as K.L. Pike (1960:293) says, holds the key to social nucleation. The relationship  between them is twofold functional and existential. It presupposes correlations between linguistic and social phenomena. As Hymes (1961) puts it, we look simultaneously at language in social matrix and at society in its linguistic medium. Language is the most effective communication system to signal social reality or culture (Halliday 1978:2) and is characterized by its highly organized system of human communication. It is, in fact, a system of  systems, which aims at communicating methods effectively. The social environment can get neatly reflected in language, as is evident from kinship vocabulary, for example, the values of society can also have a noticeable effect on its language. Any in-depth language use in social context would unfold the way society matrimonial advertisements (ads, for short) explicitly reveal the functioning of what Halliday (1967:26) calls the linguistics of social roles. Indian English reveals a repertoire of socially and culturally determined language functions. The repertoire of styles and register found in such functions of language reflect a social context within which innovations are meaningfully attempted. As Leech (1996) suggests, It is certainly desirable that we should cultivate an objective and critical awareness of the linguistic transactions into which we enter day by day, either as initiators or passive recipients. This approach finds an event more forceful advocate in Halliday(1973:365), who maintains:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. We are interested in how people use language and in how language varies according to use. Behind this lies a concern with nature of languages itself: once we interpret the notion uses of language in sufficiently abstracted terms we find that it gives us insight into the w ay language is learnt and, through that, into the internal organizations of the language, why language is as it is. Behind this again is a still deeper focus on the society and the transmission of culture; for when we interpret language in these terms, we may cast some light on the baffling problems of how it is that most ordinary uses of language, in the most everyday situations, so effectively transmit the social structure, the values, the  systems of knowledge, [and] all the deepest and most pervasive patterns of the culture. With a functional perspective on language, we can begin appreciate how this is done. Ulrike Wanitzek and Frauz Twaib stated in Presentation of claims in matrimonial proceedings in Tanzania (1996) As a system deals with social ordering , the law is very much a function of words i.e. of language. Language is one of the most effective way of communicating. Marriage proceedings are regulated by the law of marriage act, 1971. A matrimonial proceeding is any mat ter touching upon a marriage relationship which is brought to court by way of a petition for decision for declaratory decree, annulment of marriage, separation or divorce or a chamber application for maintenance, custody of children, division of matrimonial property or other matrimonial relief. Hence, one sees within the law of marriage act concepts which are based on the common law, Islamic law the customary laws of the various ethnic group in the country. Objectives: The broad objective of the study is to know about the latest trends in matrimonial advertisements. The specific objectives are: What is total coverage of matrimonial advertisements in newspaper? Whether sms (short message service) language is used in advertisements? What type of appeal are made in it? What type of looks of advertisement is preferred? Research methodology: The researcher employed census method for data collection. The census method is quantitative approach. Here content analysis is used as a tool of data collection. Content analysis is a method of studying and analyzing the communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables. Reference period: The reference period for the study is the month of November December2012. In this period, Sunday of every week was considered for matrimonial advertisement as they appears only on Sundays of The Tribune and The Times of India. Sample selection: The sample selected for the study is the 18 newspaper of The Tribune The Times of India. The advertisements appear on Sunday of every week. In the month of November (4, 11, 18, and 25) in December (2, 9, 16, 23, and 30). This sampling is stratification by week of the month and by day of week. (Wimmer Dominick, 2012) Hypotheses: The hypothetical view of the researcher is that there is a shift in trends from classified matrimonial advertisements to hybrid classified matrimonial advertisements. Finding and discussions: The following table carries the interpretation of data which states that:

Restorative Justice And Crime Prevention Criminology Essay

Restorative Justice And Crime Prevention Criminology Essay Traditional Justice in the United States has been an eye for an eye standard since this nation declared its independence from England in 1776. While this concept is acceptable, because it adheres to the Law, it does nothing for the offender or victim beyond punishment. (Redlich, 2012) Restorative Justice is the standard of putting the law in the back seat, and bringing the problem of why the offender committed the crime, how the offender can repair his or her injustice, the victim having an input in the criminals restoration and the opportunity to confront the offender, with the community helping the victim and offender overcome the crime by restoring each other to society as responsible forgiving citizens that are productive to society. (Richards, 2009) Traditional Justice is not successful in overcoming crime, and does not correct the injustice or harm done by the offender, nor does it stop the offender from re-offending after the punishment has been completed. Restorative Justice is the best solution for minimizing future crime, and correcting the recidivism associated with traditional justice. Traditional Justice in America has been consistent for more than two centuries, in that our nation has sought to punish wrong doers (criminals) by stiff sentences of incarceration, probation, parole, and fines. The people that are caught up in a criminal offense in the U.S. are sent to prison by the droves. Once they are released from prison, or jail, this is not the end of their circumstance. Often, low class offenders are placed on probation, where they are constantly monitored by a probation officer, and in some cases if the offender has a prison sentence in some states, he or she are placed on Parole. This is determined on an individual basis. Sadly enough, being monitored after prison or jail, the offender is thrown back into society with very little support in his or her financial lively-hood. The ex-offender is released with less than $200.00 in most state ran prison facilities. The offender may have had a home, transportation, a wife or husband, a job and other necessities fo r them to survive at the point where they were sent to jail or prison. When the ex-offender comes back into free society (for the most part), he or she is without any of the necessities to survive as a law-abiding, self-supporting citizen. (Galster, 1985) Criminal Records Now, in 2012, when an offender is convicted or even charged with a crime, a criminal record is established as public information that is used to prejudice, and stigmatize the ex-offender or accused from equal opportunity employment. This record is often used to deny the person of renting a home or apartment, working in certain companies or businesses. (Relyea, 1980) More and more employers seek the criminal record history of job applicants, sometimes even before extending the applicant an offer. Typically, employers will seek such information on employment applications, often asking applicants to indicate in a check box question whether they have been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor within a certain time period. Other employers will ask this question and explore a candidates response during a job interview, and most employers will ask applicants to submit to a full criminal background check after a conditional offer of employment is extended. Employers who gather and use crimina l history information need to be mindful of applicable local, state and federal laws regarding criminal background checks (Rosen, 2011). Recidivism Prison sentences are not succeeding in turning the majority of offenders away from crime. Of those prisoners released in 1997, 58 per cent were convicted of another crime within two years. Thirty-six per cent were back inside on another prison sentence. The system struggles particularly to reform younger offenders. 18-20-year-old male prisoners were reconvicted at a rate of 72 per cent over the same period; 47 per cent received another prison sentence (webarchive, 2007). These numbers dont lie. People that are released from incarceration are starting life all over again regardless of their age. When a person is released without support from the community, family, friends, or organizations that help the ex-offender re-establish themselves as law-abiding, self-supporting citizens, in America, the statistics says that most ex-offenders will return to prison or jail. This alone is enough to recognize that the traditional justice system is severely flawed in reducing recidivism or crime. Restorative Justice Restorative justice or reparative justice is an approach to justice that focuses on the needs of the victims and the offenders, as well as the community, instead of legal principles or punishing the offender. The victims participate in the process, while offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for their actions. This form of justice gives the offender the greatest opportunity to repair the harm theyve done which allows them to apologize to everyone harmed, and other restoration to the offender such as returning stolen money, or participating in community service is part of the rehabilitation. Restorative justice focuses on both the victim and offender by addressing and implementing solutions to their personal needs. The key preventative aspect of restorative justice is that it provides help for the offender in order to avoid future offenses. It is based on a theory of justice that considers crime and wrongdoing to be an offense against an individual or community, instead of a crime against the state. In the traditional justice system currently applied in most criminal courts, the offender versus the State or United States is sold to the tax payer under the premise of we the people concept. (Richards, 2009) Restorative justice that nurtures discussion between the victim and offender shows the highest rates of victim satisfaction and offender accountability. Restorative justice is a different way of thinking about responding to crime. Restorative justice politicians and authorities view crime as harm done to people and communities, not just violation of the law. They seek to put things right by addressing the harm to victims, the community and by addressing the causes of crime. There are many different types of restorative justice. (Solgps.alberta.ca 2012) Restorative Justice Models The three most common models are Family group (or community) conferencing, Circles (sentencing circles, healing circles, or peace circles), and Victim-offender conferences where most models involve some form of encounter between the victim and offender. (Solgps.alberta.ca 2012) The principle of restorative justice starts with realizing that crime is injury. Crime hurts individual victims, communities, and offenders which creates an obligation to make things right by everyone. All parties should be a part of the response to the crime, including the victim if he or she wishes, the community, and the offender. The victims perspective is central to deciding how to repair the harm caused by the crime. Accountability for the offender means accepting responsibility and acting to repair the harm done. The community is responsible for the well-being of all its members, including both victim and offender. All human beings have dignity and worth. Restoration in Restorative Justice is repairing the harm and rebuilding relationships in the community. The results are measured by how much repair was accomplished with the offender, victim and community, rather than by how much punishment was inflicted on the offender. The goal of restoring the offender, in the community is key to the success of Restorative Justice. Crime control cannot be achieved without active involvement of the community. When dealing with all offenders, the justice process is respectful of age, abilities, sexual orientation, family status, and diverse cultures and backgrounds. Using the restorative justice model gives full recognition of everyone involved, regardless of racial, ethnic, geographic, religious, economic, or other common prejudices associated in the traditional justice we currently have ensuring that everyone is given equal protection and due process.(ojjdp.gov, 2012) Restorative Justice and Recidivism One of the most important outcome variables for any form of criminal justice intervention is recidivism. The overall mean effect size for the 32 tests that examined the effectiveness of restorative justice programming in reducing offender recidivism was +.07 (SD = .13) with a 95% CI of +.12 to +.02. Although the effect sizes ranged from +.38 to -.23, more than two thirds of the effect sizes were positive (72%). In other words, restorative justice programs, on average, yielded reductions in recidivism compared to non-restorative approaches to criminal behavior. In fact, compared to the comparison and/or control groups who did not participate in a restorative justice program, offenders in the treatment groups were significantly more successful during the follow-up periods, t(31) = 2.88, p Benefits of Restorative Justice A benefit to the community for restorative justice is the opportunity to be interactive with the victims and the offenders beyond the traditional justice system. The community can identify the problems within their surroundings and recognize the problems before crime occurs. Potential offenders can be identified and brought into the system early to rehabilitate them and give them a quality of life experience that hopefully minimizes the community threats of crime. In addition, as our society has recognized the disparate treatment of employment opportunities for ex-offenders, nearly all state laws prohibit employers from considering a job applicants arrest that did not result in a conviction. Moreover, the EEOC takes the position that because the use of arrest records as an absolute bar to employment has a disparate impact on some protected groups; such records alone cannot be used to exclude applicants from employment and has even gone as far as stating that a pre-employment inquiry may violate Title VII. The EEOC has consistently invalidated employment policies containing a blanket exclusion of those individuals with arrest records. Thus, employers should avoid asking job applicants any questions designed to elicit information regarding prior arrests that did not result in convictions and should remove any such questions from employment applications (Rosen, 2012). Benefits of the victim are true concern for their mental, physical, and recovery needs. Traditional court has very little if any concern for the victim outside of using them to testify against the offender to gain a conviction. Restoration of the victim is almost meaningless to the traditional courts. The victim is given the opportunity to reconcile with the offender, and be at peace with themselves and the offender, or they can opt out to retain the eye for an eye belief about justice. By confronting the offender, the victim is able to understand why the offender committed the crime, and he or she is left with acceptance or denial of what has happened. This is true closure. (The term: Closure is often used in a criminal proceeding by the prosecutor or defense attorney which means: A feeling of finality or resolution, especially after a traumatic experience (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/closure, 2012). Without restoring the victim, the offender, and reintegrating the ex-offender after prison with his character being restored and the victim having the opportunity to put to rest the harm the offender caused, with a society that wants to forgive, closure is an illusion for everyone. The benefits of the offender is to allow them the opportunity to explain why the offense was committed, and understand what he or she is expected of from the community and victim. The offender can be restored with the opportunity to make a difference in society and their self. By being confronted in this forum, the offender can be honest within themselves and face the real whole truth and nothing but the truth. Conclusion In this paper, we have learned that Traditional Justice fails to restore the victim, the community, and the offender. Traditional justice cost tax payers extensively with little regard to making amends by the offender to the offended or the citizens the offender was a part of before the crime took place. Identifying criminal conduct, bringing the offender into a court of law, convicting the offender, sending the offender to jail or prison and releasing them back into free society without money, a job, a home, a vehicle, and a chance to work or re-establish a productive life with the traditional justice system is appalling. Certainly, we as a people must refuse to accept crime, but when looking at the benefits of traditional justice versus restorative justice, it is very easy to see that restorative justice is the answer to recidivism, responsibility, justice, and reduction of cost to minimize criminal conduct. By identifying the accused, bringing the offender to the knowledge of the truth about what offense has been committed, confronting the accused with the victim, and allowing society to interact by providing the victim and offender with productive reconciliation is how we as the greatest nation in the world will ever overcome the evil with good. Regardless of whether the offenders criminal conduct was attributed to drugs and alcohol, as more that seventy-percent of all crimes are a result of drugs and alcohol, the offender, victim, and society deserve a solution to crime, not a band-aid that only puts the prisoner in jail or prison, and puts a greater threat on society once he or she is released af ter the sentence under the traditional justice system.

Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia are Murder Essay -- Euthanas

Euthanasia is Murder      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On June 4, 1990, Janet Adkins committed suicide. She killed herself under the supervision of a man named Jack Kevorkian. Again and again, Kevorkian set up machines and killed patients that were supposedly terminally ill. He escaped punishment for years, but on March 26, 1999, Kevorkian was incarcerated for second-degree murder. (Online,99) He had developed many friends and many enemies. One of his followers was a woman who had developed coronary artery disease. Her name was Donna White. She thought about suicide often, especially when her pain was incredibly intense. Help found her before euthanasia did. A hospice care facility heard about her plot to commit suicide, and they found help for her. They provided therapy for her suicidal thoughts and severe depression, and they also provided her with the medication to keep her pain free. She no longer follows Kevorkian's ideals and is against him instead. (Shapiro and Bowermaster, 94) Over 52 patients were killed in "Dr. " Kevorkian's presence. (Online, 99) What if they could have found the help that they needed?    Euthanasia is ending one's life if one has a terminal disease is an incurable condition, and is done by a lethal injection. Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide began in ancient Rome and Greece. They believed that it was okay in certain situations to allow a person to die or to help a person die. This was often the case with the elderly in these cultures. Certain religions are against euthanasia. The Christian, Jew, and Islamic religions all cling to the fact that life is sacred and should not be taken away. In some cultures, helping someone to die is the same thing as homicide, and is treated so in a court of law. (Encarta, 98)    .. ...ailable: http://www.angelfire.com/al/jefspage/index3.html Barnett, Erin Hoover. "Is Mom Capable of Choosing to Die?". 1999. [Online]. The Oregonian. Date of Download: November 15, 1999. Available: http://www.oregonlive.com/news/99/10/st101719.html Cassel, Eric J. "Euthanasia". Grolier Interactive Inc.. 1998 Euthanasia. Gould, Jonathan and Craigmyle, Lord. Your Death Warrant?. New York: Arlington House, 1971. Mattos, Jennifer and Sachs, Andrea. "Defining the Right to Die". Time. April 15, 1996. Pg. 82 Rosenbaum, Stuart E. and Baird, Robert M. "Euthanasia: The Moral Issues". 1989. Opposing Viewpoints. New York: Prometheus Books. Shapiro, Joseph P. and Bowermaster, David. "Death on Trial". U.S. News and World Report. April 25, 1994. Pp. 31-39. Shapiro, Joseph P. "Expanding a right to die". U.S. News and World Report. April 15, 1996. Pg. 63.

Human Evolution :: essays research papers

Evolution is the complexity of processes by which living organisms established on earth and have been expanded and modified through theorized changes in form and function. Human evolution is the biological and cultural development of the species Homo sapiens sapiens, or human beings. Humans evolved from apes because of their similarities. This can be shown in the evidence that humans had a decrease in the size of the face and teeth that evolved. Early humans are classified in ten different types of families. Creationists believe that humans were always humans. Humans are classified in the mammalian family Primates. In this arrangement, humans, along with our extinct close ancestors, and our nearest living relatives, the African apes, are sometimes placed together in the family Hominidae because of genetic similarities. Two-leg walking seems to be one of the earliest of the major hominine characteristics to have evolved. In the course of human evolution the size of the brain has been more than tripled. The increase in brain size may be related to changes in hominine behavior (See figure 3). The third major trend in hominine development is the gradual decrease in the size of the face and teeth. According to the Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia ’98, the fossil evidence for direct ancestors of modern humans is divided into the category Australopithecus and Homo, and begins about 5 million years ago (See figure 1). Between 7 and 20 million years ago, primitive apelike animals were widely distributed on the African and, later, on the Eurasian continents (See figure 2). Although many fossil bones and teeth have been found, the way of life of these creatures, and their evolutionary relationships to the living apes and humans, remain matters of active discussion among scientists. The evidence for human evolution begins with the australopithecines. All the australopithecines were bipedal and therefore possible hominines. In details of their teeth, jaws, and brain size, however, they modify enough among themselves to be divided into five species: Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. robustus, and A. boisei. Genus Homo are also divided in five different spices: Homo erectus, H. habilis, H. sapiens, and H. sapiens sapiens. According to Britannica Encyclopà ¦dia, Australopithecus anamensis lived in Kenya between 4.2 million and 3.9 million years ago. A. afarensis lived in eastern Africa between 3 and 4 million years ago. This australopithecine had a brain size a little larger than chimpanzees. Some had canine teeth more sticking out than those of later hominines. No tools of any kind have been found with A. afarensis fossils. According to Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia ’98, between about 2.5 million and 3 million years ago, A. afarensis clearly evolved into A. africanus. A. africanus had a brain similar to that of its ancestor. However, although the size of the

Hack Me Once, Phreak Me Twice :: Computers Technology Hacking Hackers Papers

Hack Me Once, Phreak Me Twice There are a few elite in our technology-driven world that possess the unnatural ability to understand and wield the power of computers. To the media they are known as hackers, threats to computer security everywhere. To the underground they are known as "console cowboys", samurais, and the last defenders of free information. To the common man they are young teenage boys that break your computer and ruin your e-mail. Hackers are not criminals or mischievous kids with no purpose. They play an important role in our culture and are the fuel behind our technological revolution. Before we can fully understand the mind of a hacker, we need to look at the history of hacking. Hacking is usually broken up into three time periods: The Elder Days, The Golden Age, and Zero Tolerance. The Elder Days were the years from 1965-1979 when the "hackers" emerged from the computer labs of MIT, Cornell, and Harvard. These computer geeks of the 60's had an incurable thirst to know how machines worked, specifically computers. While professors were trying to teach structured, mathematical programming, students were staying up late nights "hacking" away at their programs until they found shorter and more elegant solutions to the problems. This process of "bumming code" contradicted the professors' methods, and so began the defiant and rebellious origins of hackers. This time period produced one of the best hacks of all time, when Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thomson of Bell Labs created the operating system UNIX in 1969. This primitive operating system was written by hackers, for hackers. There was now a standard to run programs on, although it required an enormous amount of knowledge of computers for even the simplest tasks. As a consequence of UNIX, the 1970's became all about exp loring and figuring out how the computer world worked. In 1971, a hacker found out how to get free calls from AT&T by emitting a 2600 MHz tone into the receiver. He called himself "Cap'n Crunch" because he used the free whistle that came in the cereal box to give off the 2600 MHz tone. From this, a new type of hacking gained popularity, one that did not deal specifically with computers but rather with telephones. Hackers like Cap'n Crunch were called "phreaks", for "phone freaks." So, fittingly, hacking phones is known as "phreaking." As more phreakers and hackers emerged, they needed a way to communicate with each other.

Anne Carson Essay

Kiersten Baxley Professor Shirokova English 1102 12 September 2012 Anne Carson’s Lessons Anne Carson is a very intelligent and well rounded writer. When I first read Anne Carson’s â€Å"Short Talks†, I was seriously confused. At first, Ithought she was an abstract writer that wrote just to write. But then I took a second look at her work and realized there was much more to it than just crazy jumbled ideas. â€Å"Short Talks† is a mixture of many elements. It has argumentation, facts, personal opinions, and an unconventional way of writing. As I was rereading the â€Å"Short Talks†, I noticed names, facts, and a lesson to go along with each â€Å"Short Talk. This persuaded me to do some research so the stories would start to make more sense. After completing my research, I have come to the conclusion that â€Å"Short Talks† has been created to teach the reader a lesson, teach them about a historical figure, and to enable the reader to think outside of the box. I do not like reading something and have no idea what is being discussed; and that is what I liked about Anne Carson’s â€Å"Short Talks†, she prompts the reader to think in a critical manner thus persuading them to want to learn about what they are reading. For the reader to fully understand this style of reading, one needs to research Anne Carson’s background. Next the reader needs to research the main topics of each short talk. Anne Carson truly enables the reader to think outside of the box when she uses this less conventional way of writing since most authors do not use this style of writing. Most writers use a more â€Å"normal† approach to their writings. â€Å"Short Talks† seem to teach the reader some sort of lesson when they read them. Take the short talk â€Å"On Major and Minor† for example, Anne states, â€Å" There are more major things than minor things†¦I believe that she is portraying that there are people all around the world that turn very small things into much larger issues than it should be (Bartholomae and Petrosky 264-270). Carson uses the fictional character Elektra as an example in this short talk. Elektra’s mother and step-father murdered Elektra’s father. Elektra took this very hard, so she and her brother Orestes plotted revenge against her mother and step-father. Elektra’s father had been against things like this, but Elektra became so bitter she began to commit many crimes. So this short talk helps us decide between what is major and minor in our life. This helps to keep from overreacting over the small things in life. Another lesson comes from the short talk â€Å"On Reading. † This takes the reader back to their childhood. No, not everyone enjoys reading, but it is also great for you. In this short talk I got the imagery that this little girl was on a road trip with her parents, her father does not enjoy reading but she does. So while on the way to their destination, she reads Madame Bovary. While reading she takes a moment to look around at the sights passing through the window. This just gets the reader to truly think and assess the way they perceive the way they view reading. Having someone who enjoys reading, and someone who finds no pleasure in reading is what makes the world go round. Not everyone appreciates, or finds interest in the same things, but do not discourage anyone if you have no interest in it. If I were to write some short talks I could use an Anne Carson-like writing style, or writing that flows eloquently. I would try to help the reader to understand what is being said, but to also think about what is before them. I would include an introduction in my short talks to help guide the flow of the short talks. An example of my short talks would be: Every day starts the same way. Get up, get dressed, go to class. You see sleepy students stumbling to class, some even skip class. Never enough sleep. This is the life of a college student preparing for the future. You never know what life has in-store for you today, tomorrow, and all the days before you. Cheerleading When you see a cheerleader, you see a peppy smile. Energetic. This is an athlete in many many ways. Athlete’s in skirts! Tumbling, Stunting, Jumping,. Can you throw someone in the air? Never boring when were around. Love How do you explain love? Do you even know where it is or even how to find it? Is it a passion, a sport, a car, or a lover? Expression. Show it in your own way. Never give it up for anything. Adventure How does someone find adventure? One might sky dive, hike a nature trail, bungee jump. Not everyone is adventurous. Not everyone will find adventure in the same way. Riddle me this, when does your big adventure start? Anne Carson did a great job on â€Å"Short Talks. † I thoroughly enjoyed reading herâ€Å"Short Talks. †I also liked how I was challenged and pushed to think critically about â€Å"Short Talks. † That is what makes a great writer.

My Generation’s Greatest Challenge

President Barack Obama once said, â€Å"All across the world†¦increasingly dangerous weather patterns and devastating storms are abruptly putting an end to the long-running debate over whether or not climate change is real. Not only is it real, it’s here, and its effects are giving rise to a frighteningly new global phenomenon: the man-made natural disaster. † The President’s words make it clear that climate change is a great challenge which must be faced, and soon. However, it is not the government’s job alone to deal with this crisis. Stopping climate change will be my generation’s greatest challenge.One of the reasons why climate change is such a formidable obstacle is that the needed change will come slowly. One image that comes to mind is a frog dropped into a pan of scalding water. Of course, the frog will reflexively leap away from the danger. However, if the frog is immersed in lukewarm water, and the water is slowly brought to a boil, the frog will remain and will suffer a serious penalty. My generation is the frog, and â€Å"the man-made natural disaster† is the boiling water. The inertia of the past cannot be overcome in a short time. Consequently, the drastic changes needed to combat climate change will not be effected quickly.However, time is of the essence. Society’s prompt reformation of environmentally destructive habits must be the goal if my generation wishes to subdue this serious threat. To deal with this vast challenge, education as well as reeducation must be made priorities. Not only must scientific knowledge about climate change be made readily available to young people, but the desire for improvement must be instilled in them. As harsh as it may seem, teachers need to constantly remind their students of the worldwide destruction that will ensue should young people fail to act proactively.Likewise, reeducation must provide a jolt to the older generation, shocking it out of its passive stupor and igniting passion for change. Finally, motivation will play a key role in stopping climate change. Nothing will happen if no one takes action. Balancing the welfare of the earth with personal desires is mandatory. If people ultimately decide to place their comfort above the health of the planet, it would be akin to an act of war against humanity. Thankfully, climate change can be dealt with if everyone takes small, easy steps against it.This is of paramount importance. Because the earth is the foundation of all man’s success, life without a healthy earth would not be worth living. The greatest test my generation will face is the challenge of stopping climate change. While success may not come quickly or easily, resignation to the imminent prospect of global catastrophe is to abdicate all bonds to our fellow man. Although the world may already have gone a distance down the path to destruction by climate change, there is still hope if everyone takes personal responsi bility for the protection of the planet.

Multiple Choice Questions

CH 1 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 8. E 15. E 2. E 9. E 16. A 3. E 10. C 17. D 4. E 11. E 18. E 5. D 12. A 6. B 13. D 7. E 14. E CH 2 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. C 11. B 21. E 2. C 12. E 22. A 3. B 13. E 23. C 4. B 14. E 24. D 5. D 15. B 25. C 6. E 16. D 26. A 7. A 17. D 27. D 8. D 18. E 28. B 9. A 19. C 10. D 20. E CH 3 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1 B 9. B 17. D 2. C 10. A 18. E 3. B 11. A 19. C 4. D 12. B 20. D 5. E 13. D 21. C 6. A 14. A 7. C 15. D 8. E 16. A CH 4 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1 B 9. B 17. D 2. C 10. A 18. E 3. B 11. A 19. C 4. D 12. B 20. D 5. E 13. D 21. C 6. A 14. A 7. C 15. D 8. E 16. A 9. D 18. B CH 5 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 11. B 21. C 2. B 12 B 22. A 3. C 13. B 23 B 4. C 14. E 24 A 5. B 15. E 25. C 6. B 16. C 26. E 7. D 17. D 27. B 8. A 18. A 28. A 9. B 19. D 29. D 10. B 20. A Solutions 16. Solution: use Equation (5-4) [(. 32 – . 30)/. 30] x (360/180) = 13. 3% 17. Solution: use Equation (5-4) [(. 30 – . 32)/. 32] x (360/180) = -12. 5% 18. Solution: cross rate . 28/. 86 = . 3256 19. Solution: cross rate DM. 31/FF: FF1/DM. 31 = FF3. 23/DM FF3. 23/$. 35 = FF9. 228/$ 20. Solution: use Equation (5-1) [(. 0045 – . 0035)/. 0035 = 29% 21. Solution: use Equation (5-8) [(. 864 – S)/S) x (360/90)] = . 10 – . 04 S = . 3807 22. Solution: use Equation (5-6). Remember that Cr$3342. 63 = $0. 0002991. new exchange rate = $0. 0002991[(1 + . 05)/(1 + . 90)] = $. 0001652/Cr$; or Cr$1/$. 0001653 = Cr$6053. 27/$ 23. Solution: Use Equation (5-7): nominal rate = real rate + inflation rate. nominal rate = 5% + 4% = 9% S olution: invest in the U. S. : $10,000 x 1. 01 = $10,100 invest in the U. K. and cover in the forward market. buy pounds at the present spot rate: $10,000/1. 8 = ? 5,555 invest in the U. K: ? 5,555 x 1. 015 = ? 5,638 sell pounds forward: ? 5,638 x 1. 8 = $10,036 The investor would earn $64 more by investing in the United States instead of the United Kingdom. 25. Solution: use Equation (5-8) and solve for the forward rate: [(F – 1. 800)/1. 800 x (360/90)] = 0. 04 – 0. 06 F = ? 1. 809 26. Solution: use Equation (5-8) and solve for the U. K. interest rate. [(1. 780 – 1. 800)/1. 800 x (360/90)] = 0. 04 – if if = 0. 084 27. Solution: Use Equation (5-1). % Change = (0. 68 – 0. 64)/0. 64 = 0. 0625 or 6. 25% 28. Solution: Converting the above example into indirect quotations, the Swiss franc changes from 1. 5625 francs to 1. 4706 francs. Use Equation (5-2) to solve this problem. % Change = (1. 5625 – 1. 4706)/1. 4706 = 6. 25% 29. Solution: Use Equation (5-3). Spread = (0. 68 – 0. 64)/0. 64 = 0. 0625 or 6. 25% CH 6 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 10. E 19. B 2. E 11. B 20. E 3. E 12. E 21. E 4. B 13. A 22. C 5. C 14. A 23. D 6. E 15. D 24. A 7. C 16. C 25. B 8. B 17. D 9. B 18. A Solutions 16. $value = $0. 50 x DM10,000,000 = $5,000,000 17. Investment =? 62,500 x $1. 65 x 0. 02 = $2,062. 50 Profit = ? 62,500 ($1. 67 – $1. 65) = 1,250 Rate of return = (1,250/2,062. 50) x (12/6) = 121% 18. Potential profit = $1. 65 – $1. 62 = $0. 3 19. Potential loss = $1. 62 – $1. 65 = -$0. 03 20. Buy call options on March 19 -$0. 04 Exercises the option on September 19 -$0. 80 Sell the pounds on September 19 +$0. 92 Net profit as of September 19 +$0. 08 Net profit for three contracts = Can$150,000 x $0. 08= $12,000 21. Total loss = Can$150,000 x $0. 04 = $6,000 22. Intrinsic value = $0. 16 â⠂¬â€œ $0. 15 = $0. 01 23. Breakeven point = $1. 75 + $0. 07 = $1. 82 24. Total receipts = FF10,000,000 x $0. 20 = $2,000,000 total premium = FF10,000,000 x $0. 05 =$ 500,000 net receipts = $1,500,000 25. Breakeven point = $0. 70 – $0. 05 = $0. 65 CH 7 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 10. C 19. C 2. E 11. B 20. B 3. E 12. B 21. D 4. C 13. A 22. E 5. E 14. B 23. A 6. A 15. B 24. C 7. E 16. C 25. D 8. A 17. E 26. A 9. C 18. A 27. D Solutions 20. $7,500,000 x (0. 082 – 0. 08) = $15,000. 21. $15,000 x the annuity discount factor of $1 for 5 years at 8 percent = $15,000 x 3. 993 = $59,895. 22. You will receive a total of $30,000 for the first two years [$7,500,000 x (0. 082 – 0. 080) x 2]. The new floating rate that you will receive: 8. 2% -1. 5% = 6. 7%. You will pay a total of $292,500 for the last three years [$7,500,000 x (0. 67 – 0. 08) x 3 years]. Thus, your net payment over the five years will be -$262,500 ($30,000 – $292,500). 23. $500,000 x SFr1. 4 = SFr700,000. 24. $500,000 x 0. 09 = $45,000. 25. $500,000 x (0. 09 – 0. 08) = $5,000. 26. SFr700,000 (1. 08) = SFr756,000. 27. $500,000 (1. 09) = $545,000. CH 8 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 9. E 17. D 2. C 10. A 18. D 3. E 11. D 19. A 4. D 12. E 20. C 5. E 13. C 21. E 6. D 14. E 22. C 7. E 15. D 23. C 8. B 16. C 24. E Solutions 18. Use Equation (8-1): % Change = ( 0. 70 – 0. 65 ) / 0. 65 = 7. 69% 19. Use Equation (8-2): % Change = ( 0. 65 – 0. 0 ) / 0. 70 = -7. 14% 20. Use Equation (8-1): % Change = ( 0. 44 – 0. 40 ) / 0. 40 = 10% 21. Use Equation (8-3): Predicted Rate = $0. 4 x [ ( 1 + 0. 05 ) / ( 1 + 0. 03 ) ] = $0. 4078 22. ( 0. 4400 – 0. 4078 ) / 0. 4078 = 7. 9% 23. Use Equation (8-5): Predicted Rate = $0. 50 x [ ( 1 + 0. 12 ) 5 / ( 1 + 0. 08 ) 5 ] = $0. 5997 CH 9 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. B 10. D 19. C 2. E 11. D 20. D 3. D 12. A 21. A 4. C 13. A 22. A 5. E 14. E 23. C 6. E 15. E 24. D 7. C 16. A 8. E 17. C 9. D 18. B Solutions 12. Call option = ? 50,000 x $1. 7 = $85,000 Spot transaction = ? 50,000 x $1. = $90,000 Thus, the U. S. company should exercise the option. 16. Net Exposure = Ps300 million – Ps200 million = Ps100 million Gain or loss = $0. 0001 x (-Ps 100 million)= – $10,000 17. (Expected amount) $15 million – (actual amount) $14 million = exchange loss of $1 million 18. (Profit after taxes) ? 50 million + (depreciation) ? 10 million = (cash flows from operation) ? 60 million Exchange gain or loss = ? 60 million x $0. 02 = $1. 2 million 19. Gain or loss = $15 million x 3 = $45 million 20. [ ( 1. 8090 – 1. 800 ) / 1. 8000 ] x 360 / 90 = 0. 08 – 0. 1 0. 02 = 0. 02 21. irect loan credit swap 50,000y + (250,000y – 500,000) = 50,000y + 50,000 y = 2. 2 22. $value = $2. 02 x ? 10,000 = $20,200 23. 1) borrow ? 9,709 (10,000/1. 03) 2) buy $19,515 (? 9709 x $2. 01) 3) invest $19,515 in the U. S. at 2% 4) receive $19,905 ($19,515 x 1. 02) 24. Call option = ? 50,000 x $1. 7 = $85,000 CH 10 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 10. D 19. e 2. E 11. E 20. E 3. C 12. E 21. D 4. B 13. D 22. A 5. E 14. D 23. E 6. E 15. E 7. D 16. E 8. E 17. B 9. E 18. C CH 11 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. B 9. A 17. B 2. B 10. B 18. E 3. E 11. D 19. B 4. E 12. D 20. C 5. B 13. A 21. D 6. D 14. E 22. E 7. B 15. A 8. D 16. C CH 12 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 10. B 19. C 2. A 11. A 20. D 3. E 12. C 21. D 4. E 13. C 22. B 5. B 14. B 23. D 6. D 15. E 24. C 7. D 16. E 25. C 8. E 17. E 9. E 18. A CH 13 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. C 8. C 15. E 2. A 9. D 16. A 3. D 10. E 17. D 4. E 11. C 18. B 5. D 12. B 19. E 6. D 13. B 20. B 7. D 14. D 21. D CH 14 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 11. E 21. D 2. D 12. E 22. E 3. E 13. B 23. C 4. E 14. A 24. B 5. A 15. B 25. A 6. A 16. C 26. D 7. B 17. B 27. D 8. B 18. E 28. C 9. E 19. C 10. D 20. A Solutions 25. Solution: U. S. nvestment earns 1 percent. Percentage change in mark = ($0. 40 – $0. 50)/$0. 50 = -20%. German investment loses 18. 8 percent: [(1 + 0. 015)(1 + (- 0. 20)] – 1 = -18. 8%. 26. Solution: Convert DM100,000 to $50,000 at $0. 50 rate. Invest $50,000 in the U. S. at 11 percent. ($50,000 x 1. 11 = $55,500) Reconvert dollars to marks. ($55,500/$0. 46 = DM120,652) Yield = (DM120,652 – DM100,000)/DM100,000 = 20. 65%. 27. Solution: Use Equation (14-1). 0. 10 = (1 + 0. 13)(1 + ie) – 1; solve the equation for ie (percentage depreciation). ie = (1 + 0. 10/(1 + 0. 13) – 1 = -2. 65%. 28. Solution: Use Equation (14-1). 0. 09 = (1 + 0. 60)(1 + ie) – 1; solve the equation for ie (percentage depreciation). ie = (1 + 0. 09)/(1 + 0. 60) – 1 = -31. 88%. CH 15 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. B 9. A 17. D 2. E 10. E 18. A 3. D 11. B 19. E 4. E 12. D 20. A 5. A 13. B 21. A 6. E 14. B 22. B 7. A 15. E 23. E 8. B 16. C 24. A Solution 20. Use Equation (15-2): R = . 07 + (. 15 – . 07) 1. 4 = 18. 2% 21. Use Equation (15-2): R = . 05 + (. 11 – . 05) 1. 2 = 12. 2% < 20% 22. Use Equation (15-4): Rp = (. 4) (. 12) + (. 6) (. 20) = 16. 8%. 23. Use Equation (15-4): 0. 17 = (0. 60) (Rus) + (0. 40) (0. 20). Rus = 15%. 4. Average price = (40 + 50 + 60) / 3 = $50. Use Equation (15-1) for the standard deviation: Standard deviation = {[ ( 40 – 50 ) 2 + ( 50 – 50 ) 2 + ( 60 – 50 ) 2 ] / ( 3 – 1 ) } ? =$10. 1. The coefficient of variation = 10 / 50 = 0. 20. CH 16 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 11. A 21. C 2. B 12. C 22. E 3. B 13. D 23. C 4. E 14. E 24. B 5. A 15. B 25. B 6. C 16. D 26. B 7. C 17. B 27. A 8. B 18. E 28. E 9. D 19. C 10. C 20. A CH 17 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. A 11. D 2. D 12. E 3. B 13. E 4. B 14. E 5. D 15. A 6. E 16. B 7. C 17. A 8. C 18. C 9. B 19. A 10. A Solutions 15. ayback period = 1 + (15,000 – 8,000)/9,000 = 1. 8 years. 16. NPV = $8,000/(1. 12) + $9,000/(1. 12)2 + $10,000/(1. 12)3 + $10,000/(1. 12)4 -$ 15,000 = $13,433. 17. NPV = $8,000/(1. 20) + $9,000/(1. 20)2 + $10,000/(1. 20)3 + $10,000/(1. 20)4 -$ 15,000 = $9,002. 18. Year 1: DM12,000,000 x $0. 60 = $ 7,200,000 Year 2: DM30,000,000 x $0. 60 = $18,000,000 Net present value = $7,200,000/(1. 18) + $18,000,000/(1. 18)2 – $8,000,000 = $11,029,015. 19. NPV = $900 (0. 75)/(1. 06) + $1,000(0. 55) /(1. 06)2 + $1,400(0. 35)/(1. 06)3 -$ 1,400 = $138. CH 18 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. D 10. C 19. E 2. C 11. C 20. B 3. D 12. E 21. E 4. E 13. B 22. C 5. B 14. B 23. B 6. C 15. E 24. E 7. B 16. A 25. D 8. D 17. A 26. E 9. B 18. E 27. A 28. D Solutions 21. Use Equation (18-2): Cost of common stock = 4 / 54 + . 09 = 16. 4% 22. Use Equation (18-5): Cost of bond = . 124 (1 – . 40) = 7. 4% 23. Use Equation (18-1): Cost of capital = (120,000/200,000). 164 + (80,000/200,000). 074 = 12. 8% 24. Use Equation (18-3): Cost of common stock = 0. 06 + (0. 08 – 0. 06) 1. 2 = 8. 4%. 25. Use Equation (18-6): The before-tax cost of debt = 0. 30 x 0. 85 – 0. 15 = 0. 105. After-tax cost of debt = 0. 105 (1 – 0. 35) = 6. 3% 26. Use Equation (18-4): The cost of common stock = 1 / 25 = 4%. 27. If you rearrange Equation (18-2) for the market price of equity, you will have: market price = dividend / (cost of equity – annual dividend growth rate) = $1. 2 / (0. 20 – 0. 04) = $7. 50. 28. Solve Equation (18-2) for the market price of equity: Because the dividend per share is $2. 40 ($4. 00 x 0. 60), market price of the stock = $2. 4 / (0. 12 – 0. 05) = $34. 29. CH 19 Answers Multiple Choice Questions 1. E 11. E 2. D 12. A 3. D 13. E 4. A 14. A 5. D 15. D 6. A 16. E 7. E 17. D 8. E 18. C 9. C 19. C 10. D 20. A