Bayonne Packaging

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 2012/2013 1. Introduction to BAYONNE PACKAGING, Inc BAYONNE PACKAGING, Inc is a $43 million printer and paper converter company that produces customized paper-based packaging, for industrial customers, for promotional materials software, luxury beverages, gift good and gift candy. Presently, the business is leaded by Dave Rand and the board of the company is constituted by family members, a local banker and outside counsel. This company is implemented in the paper packaging industry that was featured by the quickly growth between 1980? s and early 1990? . Due to organizations that chase the desire to make a greater impact with their promotional materials or moved their promotional budget from print media and broadcast forms to the package itself at the moment of purchase. From the combination of this growth and Bayonne? s aspiration to improve, the company is divided in six major stages: Composition, Sheeting, Printing, Die-Cut, Fold&Glue, Finishing and Shipping dock. In the first one, the goal is to develop the printing and the package design, printing plates are made and die-cutting dies are ordered.Then in the Sheet Department, the paper is sheeted from the roll stock and stacked on skids to be printed. The following one is the Printing department that is where the artwork is printed on 4- and 6-colour presses. In the Die-Cut department, the sheets are printed into â€Å"blanks†1. After that, the Fold&Glue department consists in turning the die-cut blanks into the finished product. Here there are two options, if it is a large order it goes to the â€Å"Royal/Queen† which is an high speed machine. If it is a low volume order is goes to â€Å"Staudes† machines.After this, a selection is made to decide which products are sent to the 3A machines2. According to the analysis of this company, there are three major problems that have a huge impact on the way the organization functions which are: quality, delivery time and c ost of the final product. Taking to account the quality control problems we realized that the main issue was concentrated in Fold & Glue department where there was either a lack in the glue lines or excess of glue. Consequently, 6% of products were defective and more than 1% of final product were rejected by he customers, for example boxes popping open because it with not enough glue or no glue at all. Besides the quality control problems, there is a significant inefficiency concerning delivery on time of the customized packages- they were late more than 20% of the time. Initially, customers learned not to entirely trust in the delivery time of the product. They also realized that some other component of the marketing project might become available earlier than anticipated and this gave a sense of hope that all would be delivered on time to both of the parties.In addition, customers often were demanded by their own clients to anticipated the due date scheduled by the marketing proje ct, but on the other hand Bayonne did not have the means to respond promptly. Therefore, they want to â€Å"move up† or expedite a due date to receive product sooner than they had originally been promised. 2. Capacity utilization in work centers Machine/Work Center| Total hours per machine| Capacity utilization| Composition| 255| 73,50%| Jagenburg sheeter| 279| 80,40%| Heidelberg press| 348| 100%| Bobst die-cut| 272| 78,39%| Int. Royal/Queen F&G| 156| 44,96%| Int.Staude F&G| 179| 51,59%| Int. 3A window/patch| 145| 41,79%| In order to organize the information provided, we built a capacity utilization? s table of each work center where we, according to the provided data and by calculating capacity utilization of each work center, we measure how much the process actually does produce relative to how much it can produce if it were running at full speed (Process Capacity). Capacity Utilization = Flow rateCapacity Given the information in Exhibit 2, October of 2011 had 347 schedule d work hours and this means the maximum number of hours in each work center that an be reached. Considering that the bottleneck is the resource with the lowest capacity and that the flow rate of the resources is identical, the bottleneck is the resource with the highest capacity utilization. After computing these values above, we conclude that only one work center operates at full capacity which is the two machines of Heidelberg press (bottleneck). Here are the main reasons that could justify why the other work centers didn’t reach 100% of capacity utilization: * If demand is less than supply, the process will not run at full capacity, but only produce at the rate of demand. If there is insufficient supply of the input of the process, the process will not be able to operate that capacity. * If there is one or several processes that only have a limited availability (e. g. maintenance and breakdowns) , the process might operate at full capacity while it is running, but then go into periods of not producing any output while it is not running. This is the case in the Die-Cut work center where production is stopped in order to change dies. 3. Capacity in pieces per day for the Die-Cut centerTaking into consideration the present question, we were asked to find the capacity in pieces per day for the Die-Cut work center, specifically the Bobst Die-Cut. We also have to assume that one order is 30000 pieces. a) None of the orders can be ganged When none of the orders can be ganged, meaning that each time we process an order we will have a single setup time. In order to know the number of orders of the process per month (Q), we have to match the total time available per month to the number of orders multiplying by the total time to produce one order. Time available per month = Q x Setup time + Q x Run timeWe compute the total time available per month taking into account that â€Å"October 2011 had 347 scheduled work hours net of breaks† and that the Die-Cut department has two machines. Time available per month = 347 hrs x 60 min x 2 machines Time available per month = 41640 min Although the Standard setup time is 30 min/sheet, in reality the setup time (time to change dies) is 2/3 hours. So we assumed, an average of 2,5 hours which corresponds to 150 minutes. Setup Time per job = 150 min To compute the run time per order we have to multiply the run time per sheet by the number of sheets that compose the order.Assuming that sheets averaged 3 pieces, each order has 10000 sheets. Run time/order = Run time/sheet x N? of sheets/order Run Time/order = 0, 0075 min x 10000 sheets Run Time/order = 75 min After calculating the values above, we conclude that total time to produce one order which is divided by setup time and run time per order is 225 minutes. Time to produce one order = Setup time + Run Time Time to produce one order = 150 min + 75 min Time to produce one order = 225 min Now, we are in conditions to find Q – number of orde rs per month – which is 185,06667. Time available per month = Q x Setup time + Q x Run timeTime available per month = Q x (Setup Time + Run Time) Time available per month = Q x Time to produce one order Q = Time available per monthTime to produce one order Q = 41 640 min 225 min Q= 185,06667 orders/month Taking into consideration that 1 order equals to 30 000 pieces and consequently, equals to 10 000 sheets we can convert Q – capacity per order per month – into capacity per sheets and also per pieces both per month. Value| Calculations| Capacity/order/ month| 185,06667| Made above| Capacity/sheets/month| 1850666,667| 185,06667 x 10 000 sheets| Capacity/pieces/month| 5552000| 185,06667 x 30 000 pieces|It was required to get the capacity per pieces per day. So as we know that per day there are two shifts of 7, 5 hours each with a meal break of 30 minutes for every worker, in the end of one day there is 15 hours of work time. Knowing that the time available for mon th is 347 hours, each month has 23, 1(3) days. Therefore, after the conversion of months into days, we conclude that capacity per pieces per day equals 240000, meaning the maximum amount the resource, in this case the machines from the Die-Cut department, can produce per unit of time (per day, in this question). b) Pairs of orders can be gangedFacing this new situation, where pairs of orders can be ganged, the setup time must be allocated in a different way. Now, we are going to have one setup for every two orders. The time available per month will be the same, 41640 minutes – calculations on the sub question above. Time available per month = 41640 min In order to know the number of orders (pairs of orders, in this case) per month ( Q ), we have to match the total time available per month to the number of pairs of orders multiplying by the total time to produce one pair of orders. Time available per month = Q x Setup time + Q x Run timeTime available per month = Q x (Setup ti me + Run time) Time available per month = Q x (Time to produce a pair of orders) The setup time per job (calculations in the sub question above) is 150 minutes, and each time we process 2 orders 150 minutes will be spent to change dies. Setup Time per job = 150 min To compute the run time per pair of orders we have to multiply the run time per sheet by the number of sheets that compose a pair of orders. As we are assuming that orders averaged 10 000 sheets, we will have that each pair of orders has 20 000 sheets (2 orders x 10 000 sheets).Run time/ pair of order = Run time/sheet x N? of sheets/ pair of order Run Time/ pair of order = 0, 0075 min x 20000 sheets Run Time/order = 150 min So, the total time to produce a pair of orders which is composed of setup time and run time both per pair of orders will be 300 minutes Time to produce one order = Setup time + Run Time Time to produce one order = 150 min + 150 min Time to produce one order = 300 min We are able to compute Q – n umber of orders (pair) per month – which equals 138, 8 orders per month Time available per month = Q x Time to produce one orderQ = Time available per monthTime to produce one order Q = 41 640 min 300 min Q= 138, 8 orders/month Keeping in mind that 1 order = 30 000 pieces =10 000 sheets we can convert Q – capacity per order per month – into capacity per sheets and also per pieces both per month. Value| Calculations| Capacity/ pair of orders/ month| 138,8| Made above| Capacity/sheets/month| 2776000| 138,8 x 20 000 sheets| Capacity/pieces/month| 8328000| 138,8 x 60 000 pieces| This last value is the capacity per pieces per month but as we are asked to compute the capacity per pieces per day we must make the conversion.As each day has 15 hours of work time (calculations in the sub question above) and the time available for month is 347 hours, dividing this value by the 15 hours per day, we conclude that each month has 23, 1(3) days. Therefore, after the conversion of months into days we conclude that capacity per pieces per day equals 360000, meaning the maximum amount the resource, in this case the machines from the Die-Cut department, can produce per unit of time, in this question, day. c) All the others can be ganged In the case that all orders are ganged, the total process will include only one set up time.In order to know the number of orders of the process per month (Q), we have to match the total time available per month to the number of orders multiplying by the total time to produce one order. Time available per month = Setup time + Q x Run time The total time available per month remains the same, 41640 minutes. The setup time will be independent from the number of orders because there will be a single one for all of them considering that they are all ganged. Time available per month = 41640 min Setup Time per job = 150 minKnowing that one order has 10000 sheets, the run time per order will be 75minutes. Run time/order = Run time/she et x N? of sheets/order Run Time/order = 0, 0075 min x 10000 sheets Run Time/order = 75 min Regarding all of these values, it’s now possible to calculate Q – number of orders per month. Time available per month = Setup time + Q x Run time 41640 min = 150 min + Q x 75 min Q = 41640 min-150 min75 min = 553, 2 orders/month Keeping in mind that 1 order = 30 000 pieces =10 000 sheets we can convert Q – capacity per order per month – into capacity per sheets and also per pieces both per month.Value| Calculations| Capacity/order/ month| 553,2| Made above| Capacity/sheets/month| 5532000| 553,2 x 10 000 sheets| Capacity/pieces/month| 16596000| 553,2 x 30 000 pieces| As we are asked to compute the capacity per pieces per day we must make the conversion. Each day has 15 hours of work time (calculations in the sub question above) and the time available for month is 347 hours, dividing this value by the 15 hours per day, we conclude that each month has 23, 1(3) days. Therefore, after the conversion of months into days we conclude that hen orders can be ganged capacity per pieces per day equals 717406, 3, meaning the maximum amount the resource, in this case the machines from the Die-Cut department, can produce per unit of time, in this question, day. 4. Assume that 40 of the orders partialed in October each cause one broken production run in the Royal/Queen work center, resulting in two setups for these orders instead of one a) Capacity in October without these additional setups Assuming that 40 of the orders were partialed in October and that each induced one broken production run in Royal/Queen work center, resulting in two setups for these orders instead of one.First we calculated the capacity without these additional setups. Initially, we worked with the status of the process without these additional setups. We have already calculated the capacity production run, in pieces, in the Royal/Queen work center, an essential value for the computati on of the average time per order. So we calculated the ratio between the pieces scheduled and the orders scheduled of Royal/Queen machine, then we multiplied that value by the respective run time. Finally, we did the sum of the previous value with the respective setup time.Pieces Scheduled per Orders Scheduled = Sheets per Pieces scheduledOrders scheduled Pieces Scheduled per Orders Scheduled = 6. 209. 32977 Pieces Scheduled per Orders Scheduled =80640,(63) pieces Average time per order = Standard Setup Time + Pieces scheduled per Orders Scheduled x Standard Run Time Average time per order = 180+80640,(63) x 0. 0023 Average time per order = 365, 4734 min After that, we had to determine the capacity per order, where we calculate the ratio between total work time scheduled of the three machines in minutes and the average time per order.Total work time scheduled of the three machines in minutes= 347 x 60 x 3=62460min Capacity per order = 62460365,4734 = 170, 9016 orders/ min In the end , we calculated the capacity per piece multiplying the ratio between the pieces scheduled and orders scheduled by the capacity per order. Capacity per piece = 80640, (63) x 170, 9016 = 13781613, 7(68) pieces / min Therefore, we analyzed the capacity production run, in pieces, in the Royal/Queen work center but considering the additional setups. The company with the introduction of these setups the company loses time in the overall process. ) Capacity in fact In order to figure out what happened with the introduction of the additional setups, meaning that at this point the company had 40 orders partialed and as we have the information that there are 2 setups per order we consequently know that Bayonne had 80 setups in this work center. On the other hand, if there were no partialed orders, the work center would only have 40 setups. We conclude that when the setups increase the run time available will decrease. We know that there was a reduction of the capacity in this work center, aff ecting the overall process.Moreover we calculated the time spent in the production of those 80 orders partialed (we assume that they are equally distributed so 40 x 2), which is 21818,939 because we had to take into account the setup time and the run time of the 80 orders partialed. As we can see: Time to produce 80 partials = (80 x 180 + 80Ãâ€"0,0023 x 620932977) Time to produce 80 partials=21818,939 min We also calculated the time available to the company to produce the orders, considering the total time available in minutes, the time necessary to produce the 80 orders partialed and the additional orders produced in the available time of the total time per order:Available time = 62460 – 21818,939 Available time = 40641,061 Additional orders produced = 40641,061365,47355 =111,2011 Therefore, we calculated the additional number of pieces: Additional number of pieces =111,2011 x 80640,63 = Additional number of pieces = 8967329,736 So the total number of pieces produced in the end of the month was 12192955,191, since we had to consider the sum between the additional pieces produced and the pieces scheduled multiplied by the 40 orders partialed. Total number of pieces = 8967329,736 + (40Ãâ€"80640,63) Total number of pieces = 12192955,191 pieces/month 5.Size of orders route to the Royal/Queen work center and to the Staude work center Given the information on exhibit 2, we could calculate de size of orders to the Royal/Queen work center and to the Staude work center. In other words, we considered the setup standard times and the run standard time (the slope of line) of each work center while essential tools to create a graph where it is easier to take very useful conclusions about the size of the batch of these work centers. To have a clear comprehension of the graph, we considered two lines, one blue and one purple that represent, respectively, he Royal/Queen work center and the Staude work center. Royal/Queen Machine | Y=0,0023x +180| Staude Machine| Y=0 . 015x + 40| We know that Royal/Queen machine has a higher setup cost but in the other hand has a lower run cost. Comparing to the Staude machine, it has a higher run cost but a lower setup cost. With this data we can say that the Royal/Queen machine is indicated for big batches and the Staude machine for lower ones. As a result of these calculations, we obtained the intersection of the two lines (break-even point), with a value of 11. 23,62, that represents the point where is indifferent to use between the Royal/Queen machine and the Staude machine in the overall process. So, for batches with a size below than 11023,6 we choose the Staude machine, but if the batch has a size above the break-even point we will then choose the Royal/Queen machine. 6. Yield at each of the work centers Sheet, Print, Die-cut, and Royal/Queen and the cumulative yield for an other which the sheets starts with 40000 sheets Here we took into consideration the definition of yield which is the percentage of u nits lost of each work center.It was required to compute the yield of the following work centers: Sheet, Print, Die-cut, and Royal/Queen. In the tablet below, we organized the data provided and determined the values of the yield of each work center mentioned earlier. We can see that all of the work centers have a very low percentage of units lost because the values of the yield are very close to 100%. And as we know when the yield is 100% it means that there are no losses at all and the process reaches the maximum of efficiency possible. Work Center| Pieces in| Pieces out| Yield| Sheet| 9555097| 9488211| 99,300%|Print| 9488211| 9326912| 98,300%| Die-Cut| 9326912| 9233643| 99,000%| Royal/Queen| 6209329| 5588396| 90,000%| Besides this, we also had to compute the cumulative yield which is 86,972%. This value was calculated by multiplying the yields of each work center. In order to calculate the cumulative yield for another which the sheets start with 40000 sheets, we had to convert the number of pieces into sheets. If one sheet corresponds to 3 pieces, then: 40000 sheets x 3 pieces = 120. 000 pieces The input of the production process is 120000 sheets (100%). However we have found that the cumulative yield is 86,972%.So this tells us that 13,028% of the input is lost during the production process. Phases| Calculations| Values (in sheets)| Input| 120000| 120000| Losses| 120000 x 13,028%| -15633,6| Output| 120000 x 86,972%| 104366,646| 7. The data in exhibit 4 (value of actual shipments in October) After evaluating the graphic below that we have reached with the values of the variables Orders shipped, Late and Partialed, we can see that there is a direct effect of the number of orders Shipped to the Late ones, in other words, the more orders there are the more time is needed to deliver it, making them even more late.We can also extract that the number of orders partialed influences the number of late orders because when an order is divided, it turns into two and th is means that there would be another setup to be made instead of just one. These new setups interrupt the process flow, which consequently â€Å"steal† capacity. This intensifies depreciation of the machines and consequently increasing the costs. If Bayonne has several partialed orders that means that some quantity of those orders are still being produced, taking up resources that could be used to produce new orders.Because of this, these new orders will start the production process late, making almost impossible for them to be delivered at the scheduled time between Bayonne and the customers. 8. Recommendations of short-term and long-term After this report, one of the main goals of the BAYONNE PACKAGING, Inc is to reduce or minimize the problems that the company faces itself. Quality control, delivery time and cost problems are the major obstacles in the progress of the company. So in order to improve the management and the planning of the overall process, Dave Rand and the board of the company have to take some actions in short-term and medium term.So firstly, we suggest that they should have a closer careful oversight in Fold&Glue department, because there are in fact a significant portion of products that are defective and, consequently some of that portion is rejected by the customers. This issue have a huge impact in the image and reputation of the company, so this oversight is imperative and it can translated in more time spend in the inspection of this department. Also, we believe that the defective units need to be reworked or eliminated from the process.The company should to support the idea of reworking the defectives units, in the way that avoid the waste of the raw materials and the labor spent in the process of that units. In our opinion, Bayonne need to recycle the wastages and reutilizing them for further production. Also, we think that the company should be more organized in time schedules and deadlines, because it implicates delays in all the departments and therefore in the overall of the process. Finally, the company need to eliminate the setup time or at least try to reduce the time it takes to perform in the process, for the obvious reason that consequently it â€Å"steal† capacity.In other words, as nothing is produced at a resource during setup, the more frequently a resource is set up, the lower its capacity. So we believe that the company should be the increasing of the orders in a batch, with the objective that as more units there are in a batch, the more we can spread out the setup costs. And so to take advantage of the economies of scale in the entire process. In conclusion, if the company follows our suggestions with the expected results, maintaining everything else constant, they can conquer better results and diminish the difference between what is expectable and what actually occurs.Annex 255hrs ? 100% 347hrs=73,487031% Capacity utilization of composition 279hrs ? 100%347hrs = 80,40345821% C apacity utilization of Jagenburg 348hrs? 100%347hrs=100,2881844% Capacity utilization of Heidelberg press 272hrs ? 100%347hrs=78,386167% Capacity utilization of Bobst Die-Cut 156hrs ? 100%347hrs=44,9567723% Capacity utilization of Int. Royal/Queen 179hrs ? 100%347hrs=51,5850144% Capacity utilization of Staude Machines 145hrs ? 100%347hrs=41,7867435 % Capacity utilization of Int. 3A window

Psychology Ia Notes

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Porter's Five Forces for Global Automobile Industry - Assignment Example er’s five forces are used in the evaluation of how potential an industry can be by looking at the five forces that are most likely to affect that industry where the forces that will be considered will be the ones that are responsible for the profitability of that industry (Williams, Hall & Champion, 2011, p. 117). In the automobile industry, new entrants are typically a threat that is not very high and the factors that are considered when determining this treat include the hurdles that might be experienced by the new entrants such as the start-up capital requirements since the cost associated with setting up a car-manufacturing factory is very high (Kachru, 2007, p. 770). Brand equity is also a hurdle that the new entrant into the industry might face since the entrant will not have any compared to the companies that are in the emerged markets and have been in the industry for a significant period. Other hurdles and barriers include legislations and government policies in regards to emissions and safety as well as the ability of the company to distribute the cars that they manufacture. For instance, Alfa Romeo has not been in the United States since the 90’s since they could not establish a dealer network as opposed to a place like Singapore where only one is required. Under most circumstances, the buyers of the cars have to bargain before arriving at the price, which they will pay to get the car they are interested in, and the quantity that a buyer buys is normally a good factor in the determination of this force (Edwards, 2007, p. 93). Even though the buyers that are in the automobile industry usually buy one car at a time, the still have a lot of power and this is significant as far as the bargaining is concerned. This applies in the emerged markets but in the emerging markets, the situation favours the industry more than it favours the buyers of the cars. Ultimately, the buyers always possess some buying power but the power that they have is dependent on

Common household items (chemicals) found in cells Assignment

Common household items (chemicals) found in cells - Assignment Example Due to its large presence, it acts as the main solvent in a cell. This is why most of the chemical reactions taking place in the body involve molecules (solutes) that are dissolved in water (solvent). Chemical reactions require aqueous medium to take place, thus water’s role is verified. A cell that lacks sufficient water tends to get shrink and dehydrated. Cells getting dehydrated leads to total dehydration of human body which is fatal. Thus, water, like oxygen, is a very important constituent of cell. Now, we talk about inorganic compounds of a cell that are also found in common household. Carbohydrates are other important carbon-based chemicals/molecules that give energy to the cell. Since most carbohydrates are sweet, these are commonly known as sugars. These are called Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Monosaccharides comprise of glucose and since, glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide in blood, it is also referred to as blood sugar. The breakdown of simple sugars, like glucose, â€Å"provides both a source of cellular energy and the starting material for the synthesis of other cell constituents† (Cooper, 2000). Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide. For example, glucose combines with fructose to form sucrose, and when glucose combines with galactose, then lactose is formed which is milk sugar. Many monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides. Here, chains of glucose molecules combine to form glycogen and starch, found in animal a nd plant cells respectively. Lipids or, in other words, fats are also found in cells. These lipids are divided into categories namely fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids. Lipids are not only a main component of cell membrane but also act as energy and neutral fat storage. These also act as a protective layer around the cell to prevent abnormal activities like extra water coming in and out.

British Political Parties Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

British Political Parties - Case Study Example The article also provides detailed information on how France’ National Front advocates socialism by allowing debates to be carried out on managerial competence. Just like FNF, Liberal Greens also advocates socialism by supporting civil liberties alongside social justice. The article also provides some information on how Liberal Democrats’ economic pitch is shifted to the left of labourers to magnify the effect of social authoritarian, According to it, Liberal Democrats advocate socialism by not only enhancing expansion of the Freedom of Information Act, but also a reduction of the detention period to 14 days. Just like other parties that advocate socialism, Conservative Party aims at doing away with ID cards. Unlike other parties, the New Labour insists on the retention of the DNA profiles of the victims of crime and 42 days retention for those involved in crime. Additionally, it privatises economy at the cost of nationalising the public. For a nation to grow, it must give room for new ideas to be inoculated in its management by allowing democracy to prevail. For instance, it is very crucial for Britain to have many political parties. Many political parties will enhance the running government in Britain to implement some crucial ideologies raised by other political parties. Additionally, the ideologies presented by different political parties enable the public choose the party that will contribute towards meeting their wants in

How Does Amazon.Com Use Their Digital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How Does Amazon.Com Use Their Digital - Essay Example The success of Amazon.com has been highly related to its strategy. Reference should be primarily made to the product to which Amazon.com was initially related: books. After reviewing the selling potentials of this product, Bezos came to the assumption that books had an important advantage compared to other products: they could attract the interest of buyers under the terms that ‘they are appropriately presented through the website’ (Schneider 2011, p.45). Also, due to their size, ‘books are difficult to be held in stock at high numbers’ (Schneider 2011, p.45). Even a quite large bookshop cannot stock more than 200,000 books (Schneider 2011). Being able to offer to customers a high range of choices in regard to the particular product has been a distinctive characteristic of Amazon.com (Schneider 2011). The potentials of Amazon.com to secure a high range of available titles for its customers have highly enhanced the firm’s performance. In other words, t he success of Amazon has been secured by focusing on the type and range of product offered to the public. In addition, the emphasis has been given on the marketing tool used for the promotion of this product to the market. When Amazon.com appeared, the Internet was considered as a quite promising tool of communication. For contemporary management theory, the behavior of organizations is considered as influenced by a variety of factors, related to different scientific fields, such as ‘psychology, economics, and sociology’.... The strategic choices of Bezos have been proved quite effective; within just 8 years the firm managed to achieve a profit of $5 billion (case study). By 2008, the firm’s customers reached the 76 million (case study). The firm’s practice to emphasize on ‘low price, convenience and variety of merchandise’ (case study) has highly contributed in the rapid growth of the organization. 2.2 Evaluation of Amazon’s strategy using the literature The success of Amazon.com has been highly related to its strategy. Reference should be primarily made to the product to which Amazon.com was initially related: books. After reviewing the selling potentials of this product, Bezos, came to the assumption that books had an important advantage compared to other products: they could attract the interest of buyers under the terms that ‘they are appropriately presented through the website’ (Schneider 2011, p.45). Also, due to their size, ‘books are difficult to be held in stock at high numbers’ (Schneider 2011, p.45). Even a quite large bookshop cannot stock more than 200,000 books (Schneider 2011). Being able to offer to customers a high range of choices in regard to the particular product has been a distinctive characteristic of Amazon.com (Schneider 2011). The potentials of Amazon.com to secure a high range of available titles for its customers have highly enhanced the firm’s performance (Schneider 2011). In other words, the success of Amazon has been secured by focusing on the type and range of product offered to the public. In addition, emphasis has been given on the marketing tool used for the promotion of this product to the market. When Amazon.com appeared, Internet was considered as a quite promising tool of communication. The value of Internet for

Anti trust claims Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti trust claims - Research Paper Example The underlying questions were whether Microsoft manipulated its  application programming interfaces  (APIs) to favor Internet Explorer over third party web browsers (McMillan, 2003). The antitrust case against Microsoft set a dangerous example that foretells increasing government regulation in an industry which was formerly relatively free of government intrusion and that future technological progress in the industry will be hinder as a result. Microsoft was not really making any profits from Internet Explorer, and its marriage with the operating system was due to consumer expectation to have a browser bundled with the operating system. Instead, Microsofts true anticompetitive wallop was in the discounts it offered to Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) preventing other operating systems from getting a footing in the market. According to Microsoft the merger of Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer was the result of  innovation  and  competition. However the browser is still a distinct and separate product which did not need to be coupled with an operating system since a separate version was available for  Mac OS. Microsoft operating systems dominates approximately 90-95% of operating systems in computers and has become an innate standard for home and business computer applications. It is fairly obvious that Microsoft is the leading firm in the market for computer operating systems. The question in the current Microsoft antitrust case is whether or not Microsoft has used its monopoly to restrain trade in violation of federal antitrust statutes (Brennan, 2002). Microsofts decision to integrate Internet Explorer into the operating system was intended to purge the competitive threat posed by Netscape and Sun Microsystems Java programming language. This action, I believe, is a natural extension of the Windows

Oceans support Essay Example for Free

Oceans support Essay What would happen to the earth’s terrestrial and aquatic species (a) if most of the world’s oceans disappeared and (b) if most of the world’s land disappeared? a) More than two- thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with oceans. These oceans support up to nine tents of the habitable environmement without which most the living organisms will perish. Several life forms are supported by the oceans. The coral reefs, salt marshes and sea grass beds are exampls of ocean environments which support a large number of species which live in symbiosis. It is vital to note that ocean water support land- dwelling organisms. The oceans influence the climate andd weather thus affecting life on land. The water from the ocean evaporates and rises. It then cools and forms rainfal which is important for the survival of land -dwelling organisms. The rainfall is also the basiss of rivers and lakes. It can therefore be concluded that if the oceans disapeared, most of the living organisms will dissapear. Perhaps a few organisns will remanin from the little water available but eventually it will dry up and no more life on earth. b) If most of the land disapeared, most land vegetation would dissapear. This means less food for land animals hence most land animals would die. Some aquatic animals depend on land for reproduction. Thus lack of land may cause extinction of such animals. This may cause imblance of life in the ocean causign the death of more life. It can be argued that most organisms would dissapear but some aquatic animals will survive. Why do deserts and arctic tundra support much smaller biomass of animals than do tropical forests? Why do most animals in tropical rain forest live in its trees? Arctic tundra occur at high latitudes. They receive little water as precipitation. Howewer, their soil remains wet since there is little evaporation due to low temperatures. Also the low temperatures lead to freezing of the soil thus prevenitng underground drainage. The low temperature affects the soil and climate in general and cannot favor the survival of many animals. This impplies low biomass. In the deserts there is a lot of heat and lack of water. Therefore desert animals must develop serveral adaptations in order to survive. Most are noctunal. Due to extra care the animals need to survive, they may not get favourable conditions for cohabiation hence low rate of reproduction. Most animal species cannot survive in the desert leading to low biomass. On the other hand toripical forests receive much rain and warmth throught the year and therefoe consist of tall trees. Due to availability of food and favourable climate many animals live in the forets. The animal reproduce faster than in the deserts. This results to a greater biomass. Many animals in the forest live in trees since they have to adopt themselves to the forests. The trees are tall and therefore the animals have to climb to find food and sunlight. The insects and birds mostly depend on nector which has to be found high up the trees. How would you reply to someone who argues that we should not worry about our effects on natural systems because natural succession will heal the wounds of human activities and restore the balance of nature? If nature is left alone it will always heal itself. Human activities deplete natural resources at a rate faster than it can sustain. Due human activities, there has been destruction of habitats. Forests have been destroyed which will take several years to recover. In the seas and oceans, there has been overexploitation of fish which bring about imbalance of aquatic ecosystems. Many fish species have become extinct which affects all organisms in the food chain. Human activities have also brought about global warming which has led to climate change. This change leads to extinction of plant and animal species. Man has also brought in some alien species of plants and animals which may affect those organisms in their natural habitat. How would you reply to someone who contends that efforts to preserve natural systems are not worthwhile because nature is largely unpredictable? One can argue that nature is unpredictable. However, most of the ways of nature are known. For instance it is known fish eat planktons. It is expected that if there is overfishing, there would be excess of phytoplankton. This will affect all other members in the food chains. Consequently marine life would be affected. Excess phytoplankton may decay and cause further damage. Some members in the food chain may become extinct. Also careless use of chemicals affects the sea life thus destabilizing the sea life. Inasmuch natural disasters and the course of nature may cause damage, deliberate harmful activities cause great damage quickly than would have been caused by natural disasters.

Patriotic Act Essay Example for Free

Patriotic Act Essay The Patriotic Act stands for Provide Appropriate Tools Required to intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. This act followed the terrorist attacks of september11 on New York and Pentagon, which prompted the congress to start working on a number of anti-terrorism bills.[1] This bill became a law on October 2001 after United States of America president George Bush assent. The Patriotic Act added the scope of authority of US law enforcement agencies in their effort to combat terrorism in United States as well as other parts of the world. The various provisions of the Act’s enabled law enforcement agencies to search records, e-mail and telephone messages in addition to enhanced discretions in detaining foreigners who are suspected to be involved in terrorism acts.[2] The Patriotic Act also resulted into a lot of changes to other U.S Acts which includes Acts such as Immigration and Nationality Act, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance act (FISA) of 1978, Bank Secrecy act (BSA), Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1968 and Money Laundering Control act of 1986.[3] However due to its controversial nature, several bills to amend the Patriotic law were later passed. These include bills like: Security and Freedom Ensured act, protecting the rights of the individual act, which failed to be passed.[4] It is important to have a brief overview of the titles if the act. Title 1 and title X The first title is meant to facilitate the domestic security agencies ability to fight terrorism. Under this title, a special fund to combat terrorism was established in addition to increased funding for FBI military support center. Title 1 also authorized the military to intervene in cases in which weapon of mass destruction are involved if they are so requested by the Attorney Generals of United States.[5]   In addition, the National Crime Task Force was expanded together with increasing president’s authority in making decisions related to terrorism like confiscating that properties belongs to foreign person or corporation or country. This title of the Act also condemned discrimination against Muslims and Arab Americans that many Native Americans held against them after the September 11 terrorist attack.[6] On the other hand Title X created and changed several miscellaneous laws that could not fit under other sections of Patriotic Act. In this title of the Patriotic Act, the Inspector General was required to appoint a person to be in charge of monitoring, reviewing, and reporting the congress about any allegation raised against the department of justice. The definition of electronic surveillance was also amended to exclude federal agents interception of communication through protected computers where the owner permits it.[7] In addition to these provisions, aliens who committed money laundering cases could be reported in the district that money laundering originated from. Under this title, $5000000 was allocated to Drug Enforcement Agencies (DEA) to be used for military training in South and East Asia. A new Act called Crime against charitable organizations was created which required telemarketer s calling on behalf of charities to reveal the names and mailing address of the charity the telemarketer is representing.[8] â€Å"Title II Surveillance Procedures† This is the act that has faced a lot of controversy due investigative authority given to federal officer that allows them to disregard procedures that ensure privacy of individuals. This title made amendments to FISA and ECPA and it covers various aspects of surveillance of suspected terrorist, computer frauds and individuals who are suspected to be foreign agents involved in clandestine operations in United States.[9] Under title 2 also the purpose of FISA was reviewed whereby gathering Foreign Intelligence Information was made the significant purpose in contrast to before when it was the primary purpose. This change was initiated in an attempt to remove legal barriers between what is regarded as Criminal investigation and surveillance with the aim of gathering foreign intelligence from immigrants. The government was no longer required to proof that a suspect under surveillance is a non-US or a foreign agent.[10] The scope of wiretap and surveillance order was also increased under this section. The act gave authority to the district court judge to issue search warrants and surveillance orders in terrorism related investigation. Several provisions under this title permitted access to electronic communication including surveillance of protected computers where the owner is required to allow federal officers to intercept communications through the computer. The law enforcement agencies were further given powers to demand from cable companies’ disclosure of customer communication.[11] The most controversial provision of title 2 is: â€Å"roving wiretap†, â€Å"sneak and peak† searches and Federal Bureau of Intelligence’s authority to access records that reveal the behavior patterns of US citizens. The sneak and peak provision for instance allowed FBI officers to notify the suspect about their execution of search warrants after they have already conducted the search.[12] Roving wiretaps are wiretaps orders by a court that do not require to mention all common carriers and third parties in a Survillance order. The department of justice appreciates the importance of roving wiretaps since they realize that terrorists can take advantage of wiretap orders by constantly changing cell phones and locations.[13] The other highly controversial provision is the one that authorizes the FBI to demand the production of tangible things like records, books and documents that can aid in investigation involving terrorism or clandestine intelligence operations as long as such investigations are not carried out against provision of first amendment to the constitution.[14] â€Å"Title III Anti-Money Laundering† This section of the act is aimed at combating money laundering and financing of terrorist by putting measures to detect, prevent and prosecuting the suspects. The act is divided into three subtitles.[15] The first subtitle focuses on strengthening rules of financial institutions by requiring them to monitor transaction from areas prone to money laundering g and put measures to identify the true owners of bank accounts on payable through accounts. The second subtitle dealt with co-operation of the bank and other financial institutions with agencies that fight money laundering and terrorism while the third subtitle dealt with currency crimes.[16] Title IV Title 4 of Patriotic act deals with boarder security. Under this title, additional funds were avai1ed to Immigration and Naturalization Service and necessary provisions enacted to facilitate all government agencies operation to prevent the entry of unauthorized person into US or the movement of people with currency, technology or other illegal commodities out of the country.[17] Title IV This title was created to remove barriers to investigate terrorism. The attorney general together with some specified government officials were authorized to pay rewards to people who could disclose important information that could lead to arrest of terrorist suspects.[18] Education provision act was amended, whereby the US attorney general can collect and retain relevant educational records that can aid in investigation. The most controversial provision of this title 5 concerns National security letters to an organization requiring it to submit relevant data and records of its employees. This act was later challenged and declared unconstitutional since it went against first and fourth amendment.[19] Title VI-amendment victim of crime act of 1984 to ensure that victim of crime fund was managed more efficiently and enough funds were at their disposal. [20] Title VII enhances the US law enforcement agency to combat terrorist. Under this act bureau of justice assistance arranges for contracts with state, on governmental organization and local criminal authorities whereby grants are awarded in exchange for valuable intelligence information. [21] Title VIII:  Ã‚   To Strengthen criminal laws against terrorism Under title of the Act new criminal offences are added against passenger transport vehicles and ferries. The provision of this title also prohibits harboring suspected. terrorist. [22] Title IX: To improve intelligence This title is meant to facilitate intelligence operations whereby the director of CIA is required to give priorities to foreign intelligence gathered under FISA as well as ensuring that information collected search and electronic surveillance is shared with other intelligence agencies.[23] Critique of Patriotic Act The critiques of USA patriotic theory argue that the Act sacrifices the rights and freedoms of US citizens in the name of national security. New inflated powers are given to executive branch of government under this act.[24] However, these executives have misused powers vested on them by detaining innocent suspects especially the immigrants. The act also poses a threat to civil liberties of individuals. The act comprises the provision of fourth amendment relating to privacy of US citizens. The non-citizens are also subjected to unfair treatment whereby they are put in mandatory detention camp and removed from US in some cases.[25] The act also threatens the rights of political activists and critiques of government whereby some of their vigorous acts comments may be wrongly regarded as illegal under the act. Due to vagueness of definition of domestic terrorism Environmental activist are at a sensitive area under this act since the nature of their work involves direct actions. This might be regarded as domestic terrorism leading to their prosecution. The enhanced surveillance powers coupled within the increased sharing of information between criminal and intelligence operations open way for CIA to spy on the members of public.   [26] Moreover sneak and peak searches, which have been authorized under the act, may have negative effects. Under sneak and peak the execution search warrant takes place before notifying the owner of the building. This is purely against the provisions of fourth amendment and federal rules of criminal procedure.[27] According to critiques the FBI, can obtain sensitive files of a person even without suspecting the person of any illegal acts. The act further allows the FBI to access Internet usage and telephone communication. However the act does not specify what content should be accessed by the federal officers. Due to this private information’s and messages falls into the hand as of these officers.[28] Law enforcement agencies are allowed by patriotic act evades the fourth amendment provision. Wiretaps and physical searches can be contented in the name of collecting foreign intelligence information. This can result to spying in the persons claimed as enemy of the government.[29] Another section that has been subjected to critism is section 203.Under patriotic, the FBI, the CIA and NIS are allowed to freely share information. While this sharing may n help to fight terror to some extent, the political freedom of individuals are jeopardized. The immigrants are also vulnerable since their political association to organizations that have violated the law can be labeled terrorists. The immigrants cannot protect themselves by limiting their membership to organizations or curtailing their activities since the act does not have a clear definition of terrorist organization or activities.[30] Supporter However supporters of the patriotic act argue that the act empowers federal agents to combat terror-using court approved tools that have proved to be useful for a long time. They argue that the patriotic act has not been abused since 2001 when it was passed to become the law. /other people feel that patriotic act will equip the federal agents to prevent further catastrophe.[31] According to attorney general, Mr. john Ashcroft, the patriotic act is the key to success of the fight against terrorism. He further argues that the act facilitates the government ability to fight terrorism by expanding its surveillance capabilities.[32] He argued that through the increased powers of federal officers the government has been able to crackdown terrorist cells and disrupted their financing and weapon procurement efforts. [33] Conclusion Even though some amendments were necessary to equip then federal agents not fight terrorism abd other crimes more efficiently, some provisions introduced by patriotic act undermines the basic human rights and freedom that the law seeks to uphold. Some provisions of patriotic act may not be very detrimental to human rights but the extent of power they give to federal officers is a bit exaggerated and when such officers decide to abuse this powers, then democracy is the price to pay in the name of fighting terrorism. However a leeway can be found whereby the federal officers are provided with the necessary tools to fight terrorism at the same time upholding the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens of United States. [1] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [2] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [3] American Library Association [4] American Library Association [5] American Library Association [6] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [7] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [8] http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism//20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.php [9] http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism//20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.php [10] American Library Association P26-27 [11] American Library Association, P27-29 [12] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [13] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [14] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [15] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [16] American Library Association, P 28-30 [17] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [18] American Library Association, P 31-33 [19] American Library Association, P 32-34 [20] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [21] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [22]http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism//20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.php [23]http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism//20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.php [24] Dana K P [25] John W. [26] Dana K P43 [27] John W. P52 [28] John W.P 44 [29] John W.P 56 [30] Dana K P 46 [31] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [32] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [33] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml

How Motivation Influences The Job Satisfaction Level Management Essay

How Motivation Influences The Job Satisfaction Level Management Essay 1.0 Introduction This study is carried out the important of motivation to influence job satisfaction in an organization, to understand the relationship between motivation and job satisfaction in an organization. In this chapter, will be focusing on research background, research objective, problem statement, and research question. 1.1 Research background The purpose of this study was to find out the impact of motivation on job satisfaction of employee in a organization. Motivation is a basic psychological process. A recent data-based comprehensive analysis concluded that competitiveness problems appear to be largely motivational in nature (Mine, Ebrahimi, and Wachtel, 1995). The management dilemma in many organizations and how they can improve the motivation of employees in the fast paced technological environment. Motives are expression of persons need. Hence they are personal and internal. They also can be incentive on the other hand are external to the person. Motivations are made part of work environment by management in order to satisfy the employees to accomplish task. Job satisfaction is positively affects individual performance. Job satisfaction positively affects individual performance (Petty et al. 1984; Judge et al. 2001; Kim 2005) and this make it highly relevant to investigate the cause of job satisfaction. According to Luthans (1998), motivation is the process of arouses, energizes, direct, and sustains behavior and performance. That is a process to influence people action and to achieve a desired task. There is also one of the way to influence people is to employ effective motivation which make the employee more satisfied and committed to their job. Money is a motivator but is not the only motivator. There is still having other incentives which can also serve as motivator. Employee attitudes relating to job satisfaction and organizational commitment are based on the field of organizational behavior and the practice of human resources management. Attitude has direct impact on job satisfaction. On the other hand, organizational commitment is focuses on their attitudes towards the entire organization. Although the relationship between satisfaction and commitment are strong, but there are more recent research shows that commitment cause satisfaction. 1.2 Problem statement There are many reasons why managers are keep facing the problem in organization. Resources, human and material, technology are a few issues confronting managers daily. The more important is the human aspect has question that has confused managers for a long time such as how can they make some employees perform better with satisfied in their job. According to Schofield (1998), an authoritative study conducted by the Sheffield Effectiveness Programme (a joint research project between the Centre for Economic Performance at the London Stock Exchange and the Institute for Work Psychology at the University of Sheffield) has shown that the way people are managed or motivated has a powerful impact on both productivity and profitability. The study which included measurement of levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment of employees of 67 firms, found that 5% of the profitability variance, and 16% of the productivity variance between companies may be the different variance in job satisfaction levels between their employees. This study is demonstrated the important of job satisfaction, employees motivation and commitment in an organizational capability and effectiveness. According to Watson (1994) business has come to realize that motivated and satisfied workforces can deliver powerful to the bottom line. There are still many employees all over the world do not enjoy the level of job satisfaction and work motivation, because of that they keep seeking alternative employment to experience a higher degree of job satisfaction. Such action will influence an organizations ability to be profitable and successful over n extended period of time. According to Finck, Timmers and Mennes(1998) employees are excited and motivated by what they do will help business be achieve. 1.3 Research objective To find out the relationship between motivation and job satisfaction To determine the impact of motivation towards the employees job satisfaction. To analyze the way to improve the job satisfaction by using work motivation. 1.4 Research question What are the relationship between motivation and job satisfaction? What determine the impact of motivation towards the employees job satisfaction? How work motivation can improve job satisfaction? 2.0 Literature review 2.1 The relationship between motivation and job satisfaction 2.1.1 Motivation According to Pinder(1998 in Ambrose Kulik, 1999) work motivation may be regarded as a set of internal and external forces that initiate work-related behavior, and determine its form, direction, intensity and duration. The concept related to the work and influence on work behavior of both environmental forces. In workplace, work motivation are invisible, it is depends on personal behavior and responsibility of the job. Snell (1999) says that motivation is everything. Without motivation people will not deliver to their potential even the talented people. People that are motivated will perform well and improve the personal ability. He further asserts that company staff are very important in a business due to they are the image of the company that customer see. They have the potential to enhance the quality of service and have the power to influence or reduce the company profits. According to a model developed by Herzberg, motivation is influenced by maintenance and motivational factors. The important motivational factors are the work itself, achievement, growth, responsibility, advancement and recognition. There are basic internal motivators rather than external. The Maslow and Herzberg models are similar due to its focus on needs, but the difference can be seen from the point of views. Nel, Gerber, Van Dyk, Haasbroek, Schultz, Sono and Werner(2001) describe motivation as intentional and directional. Intentional is mean to personal choice and committed of action, and directional indicates being of a driving force aimed at achieving a specific goal. A people who get motivated will know they must achieve the specific goal even in the face of adversity. 2.1.2 Job satisfaction The concept of job satisfaction will be very important now a day. Managers feel that if they responsible for maintaining high levels of job satisfaction among their staff will helps to increase the productivity, absenteeism and staff turnover (Arnold Feldman, 1986). According to Locke (1976), job satisfaction was already significant since the first part of 20th century, for example, there are over 3000 related studies were published between 1935 and 1976 which an average of on publication every five days. Job satisfaction is regarded a s related to important employee and organizational outcomes, ranging from job performance to health and longevity (Spector, 2003). According to Gibson et al (2000) job satisfaction may be defined as an individuals expression of personal well-being associated with doing the job assigned. Job satisfaction depends on the level of internal and external and how the employees view those outcomes. The outcomes of job satisfaction have different values for different people. For some people, responsible and challenging work is negative value and depending on the education level and prior experience with work providing the internal outcomes. For other people, such work outcomes may have high positive values. Those differences would influence the level of jab satisfaction on the same job tasks. Bateman and Snell(1999) say if people feel fairly treated from the outcomes they receive, or the processes used, they will be satisfied. These authors mention that a satisfied worker is not necessarily more productive than a dissatisfied one due to sometimes people are happy with their jobs which dont have to work hard. 2.2 The impact of motivation towards the employees job satisfaction All employers want their workers to perform well of their abilities and they try to provide all the necessary resources and a good working environment in order to keep their employees motivated. However, motivation is a difficult factor to manage due to every employees wants or target does not always match with what the employers provide. Motivation and job satisfaction reinforce each other and work together, if the employee is satisfied on job performance he tend to be motivated. So that understand the employee needs can give better insight to managing human motivation. Frankl(1984) suggested that, motivation reflects peoples search for meaning and that job satisfaction may reflect the degree to which people have found meaning in their work. According to Sylvia and Hutchinson (1985), true job satisfaction is derived from the gratification of higher order needs such as social relations, esteem, and self actualization rather than lower- order needs 2.3 The way to improve the job satisfaction by using work motivation Motivation is very important in an organization nowadays, but not everyone satisfy when the motivation in processes. May be that is because the employers make the wrong way to motivate their employees. Because of that, there are few strategies helps to improve the job satisfaction such as salary, wages and conditions of service, money, staff training, information availability and communication. 2.3.1 Salary, Wages and Conditions of Service To use salaries as a motivator effectively, managers which are motivator must consider four major components of a salary structures such as job rate, payment, personal or special allowances, associated with factors and side benefit. Job rate is relates to the importance the organization attached to each job. Payment is to encourage workers or group by rewarding them according to their performance. Personal or special allowances, associated with factors are the scarcity of particular skills or certain categories of information professionals or with long service. Last but not least, side benefit represent holiday with pay, pensions, and so on. It is also important to ensure the salary structure of the organization will retained the same level of the market salary structure. 2.3.2 Money According to Akintoye(2000), money remains the most significant motivational strategy. Money is the major factor which able to motivate employee to increase the productivity of the company (Taylor, 1911). Incentive system will be able to improve job satisfaction, high performance, commitment. Katz, in Sinclair, et al. (2005) emphasizes the motivational power of money through the process of job choice. He explains that money has a very strong power to attract or motivate individually to achieve higher performance. For example, a employee will simple shift company for the greater financial reward of the job, if the differences of the workload of the job is similar with the current job. Banjoko(1996) mentions that many managers use money to reward or punish workers. 2.3.3 Staff Training No matter how computerized an organization, high productivity depends on the level of motivation and the effectiveness of the workforce. Staff training is an essential strategy for motivating workers. An organization must have good training programme. This will give the employee opportunities for self-improvement and development to meet the challenges and requirements of new equipment and new techniques of performing a task. 2.3.4 Information Availability and Communication One way managers can stimulate motivation is to give relevant information on the consequences of their actions on others (Olajide, 2000). According the researcher, there is no known organizations in which people do not usually feel there should be improvement in the way department communicate, cooperate, and collaborate with one another. Information availability brings a powerful pressure between the employees, where two or more people running together will run faster than when running alone. By sharing information, subordinates compete with one another. 2.4 Theoretical framework Motivation n Salary, Wages and Condition of Service Job Satisfaction Money Staff Training Information Availability and Communication Dependent variable Independent variable 2.4.1 Analysis path The framework shows that the two variables in the research proposal, motivation is the independent variable. From this research I have identify that salary, wages and condition of service, money, staff training, information availability and communication are the motivational factors that affect job satisfaction level. The dependent variable in this research would be job satisfaction. From the framework, we will understand the relationship between motivation and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction will be interrupt by the motivation method or strategies. On the other hand, motivation strategy is also able to enhance the job satisfaction level. 3.0 Methodology 3.1 Introduction In this section, we slightly describe the research methodology use in the study to know how motivation affects in job satisfaction and using the data collection to analysis the data for the study. To find out the relationship between motivation and job satisfaction, impacts and the strategy to improve job satisfaction level in a organization. 3.2 Data Resources According to Bell (1995), primary data are such data that does not yet include any interpretations and analysis from other people. Secondary data on the other hand is data that is analyzed and include someones interpretation of the data (Bell, 1995). Secondary data was chosen for this research due to the cost and time saving for collect data that needed for the research (Hair, Money, Samouel, and Page, 2007), According to Saunders et al (2007), primary data is expensive which compare to secondary data. In additional, Hair et al (2007) emphasizes that most of the secondary data are free of charge or either can be purchase in a cheaper price. 3.3 Data Analysis Procedure The secondary resources needed in order to be able to fulfill the purpose of this proposal are mainly journal articles and textbook. When searching for secondary data search engine such as Google Scholar, Emerald and others. KBU International College has provided student a huge variety of reference books. Google search engine is the advancement of technology which allowed us to get information conveniently and quickly to obtain various journals from the website which allowed us to understand the research objectives. Emerald website which can access through it using Anglia Ruskin University account is easy to obtain various journals which needed for the research. Less text book are used in this research as the source from the library about our research questions. 3.4 Hypothesis Null Hypothesis H0: There is no relationship between motivation and job satisfaction Alternative Hypothesis H1: There is a relationship between motivation and job satisfaction Null Hypothesis H0: Motivation cannot affect job satisfaction level Alternative Hypothesis H2: Motivation can affect job satisfaction Null Hypothesis H0: Motivation unable to improve job satisfaction Alternative Hypothesis H3: Motivation able to improve job satisfaction 4.0 Limitation The research could have done more accurately if more resources which could be obtain to support the research. There are limited resources provided in KBU International College library. However, KBU does provide student access to Emerald Insight website which contains many research journals and the college had already paid the fee, but student are still allowed to access to the website within the college premises. In additional, this research only used secondary data collection which easy to obtain. Most of the secondary data come from other authors opinion and their personal findings. Because of that, this research may be inaccuracy due to the opinion from the author might disagree with research and opinion done by other author around the world. 5.0 Ethical consideration The information of the people who provide information to the study would not show to the others when the study done to protect the human right of privacy. There is the action that should be taken. The information provider are willing to provide the information to finish the study and not being force. During the research, the information collected would not be modify as to maintain the accuracy of the information which been collected. 6.0 Executive Summary From the study done, we know that the motivation was so important in an organization which can affect the job satisfaction level. By the way, the relationship between the employee motivation and job satisfaction using the right way to motivate the employee; thus enhancing the job satisfaction level and the organization at the same time. When motivation and job satisfaction are reinforced together as one, motivation and job satisfaction can increase the working performance of employees. Besides that, there are several strategies used to enhance the working performance. The strategies used are such as; Salary, Wages and Conditions of Service strategy, Money strategy, Staff Training strategy, and lastly the Information Availability and Communication strategy. Using all this strategy will further develop the working condition to the highest level of job satisfaction. To sum it up as a whole, motivation and job satisfaction are co-related because when the motivation to work increases, emp loyee will have a higher job satisfaction, thus creating maximum output for the organization. 7.0 Gantt Chart Activity FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY Week number 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 Read literature Finalize objectives Draft literature review Read methodology literature Devise research approach Draft research strategy and method Enter data into computer Draft findings chapter Update literature read Complete remaining chapters Submit to tutor and await feedback Revise draft, format for submission Print, bind Submit

Terrorism and the Effects on Security Policies Essay -- Terrorism

â€Å"No state responds to a terrorist campaign without changing its institutions and hence society itself, even if only slightly,† Stephen Sobieck states in his chapter on Democratic Responses to International Terrorism in Germany. Politically motivated terrorism struck the heart of both Germany and Italy in the 1970’s and 1980’s causing each state to do exactly what Sobieck stated. Both countries, unfortunately, suffered severe casualties, infrastructure damage, and threats from right and left wing terrorist organizations triggering these countries to adopt policy changes. This included a restructured legislation, the addition of new laws, and the modification current laws. Both countries political agendas and perceptions caused significant complications affecting each state’s ability to handle the rising threat. Germany’s political setting suffered intense rivalry between the two levels of government: the Bund (national government) and the La nder (states). Italy had similar political struggles on the perception and ideology of terrorism impacting the country. The dominated Christian Democratic Party (DC), whose primary goal was to pleas the public opinion, viewed terrorism based off political interests. The two rival parties, whose strength grew towards the end of the 1970s, included the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Movimento Sociale Italaino party (MSI). It took the Italian political classes five years to alert themselves seriously to the problem of terrorism. With the issues facing the political parties, both countries inappropriately utilized their security forces. Each state had qualified and effective security units that were essentially ineffective to the political agendas faced within the country. The GSG... ...changing their societies. Works Cited Stephen M. Sobieck, â€Å"Democratic Responses to International Terrorism in Germany,† in David A. Charters (ed.), The Deadly Sin of Terrorism: Its Effect on Democracy and Civil Liberties in Six Countries, 66. Luciana Stortoni-Wortmann, â€Å"The Police Response to Terrorism in Italy from 1969 to 1983,† in Reinares (ed.), European Democracies Against Terrorism, 148. Donatella della Porta, â€Å"Institutional Responses to Terrorism: The Italian Case,† Terrorism and Political Violence, 4: 4, 1992, 156-158. John E. Finn, Constitutions in Crisis. Political Violence and the Rule of Law, 211. Sobieck, â€Å"Democratic Responses to International Terrorism in Germany,† 53. Stortoni-Wortmann, â€Å"The Police Response to Terrorism,† 151. Ibid., 156-157. Sobieck, â€Å"Democratic Responses to International Terrorism in Germany,† 60-61.

To Kill a Mockingbird - Theme of Innocence :: Free Essay Writer

To Kill a Mockingbird - Theme of Innocence       Innocence is a time when a person has never done something, it is the first step of the theme of innocence to experience. The second step in the movement from innocence to experience, is experience. This step is what is achieved after a person or thing has done something they have never done before or learns something they have never know before. The theme of growth from innocence to experience occurs many times in the first part of To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. This process is one of the central themes in the first eleven chapters of this book, because it shows how Scout and Jem change and mature.    In To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, there are many great examples of Jem or Scout moving from innocence to experience. One of these is on page 24 when Scout learns the proper way to treat a guest. After Scout has a fight with Walter Cunningham, Jem invites him to dinner. During the meal, Scout watches Walter pour a lot of syrup on his food. Thinking it unusual, Scout inquired about why he was doing it. Her comment embarrasses Walter. Calpernia, the housekeeper, brings her into the kitchen and tells her that she should never comment on the ways of their guest's eating habits or otherwise. To drive home her point, Calpernia not only informs Scout of her mistake, she slaps her.    Prior to these events happening, Scout had never know that it was improper to make fun of or judge a guest of the house. In her innocence, she had never before realized this behavior was inappropriate. The hit as well as the scolding have removed her innocence. Scout is now very aware of her mistake. With her new experience, she will most likely never embarrass a house guest again. She has learned her lesson.    In my life I have also gone through many situations that have taken me across the threshold of innocence to experience. One example of this would be, that when I was young, I was unaware that leaning back in a chair was dangerous. This would be my innocence, but one day when I was leaning back, I fell to the ground and took off the skin on my chin.

The Causes of the Cold War Essay -- misperception and miscalculation i

Ever since the outbreak of the Cold War after WWII, American historians have depicted it as a battle pitting good versus evil, American democracy, capitalism, and desire for world peace, against Soviet communism, totalitarianism, and desire to take over the world. However, this categorization of the Cold War has been proven false by many documents made public since the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s. Over the course of this essay, I will attempt to explain the true causes of the Cold War, and some of the reasons it progressed the way it did. My analysis will begin with a general discussion of how nuclear proliferation impacted the decision making of both American and Soviet leaders. It is, I believe, important to understand this before delving any deeper, as nuclear proliferation’s affect on decision making was arguably the key dynamic operating throughout the entire Cold War. Then, I will analyze more specifically the causes of the Cold War and t he reasons it progressed the way it did. My main contention will be that both sides were operating primarily under a doctrine of realpolitik, but that ideology, especially in the case of the Soviets, distorted perceptions of reality and led to false assumptions. I will also show, that on both sides, these false assumptions led to the misinterpretation of defensive actions as offensive and thus the escalation of tensions. Three points of view exist on the relationship between nuclear proliferation and the maintenance of peace during the Cold War. The first of these, the realist perspective, concludes that nuclear proliferation was positively correlated to peace. Realist theorists generally base this inference on three basic postulates: 1) States want to mainta... ... Stanford University Press; 1 edition, 1995 Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein "We All Lost the Cold War" Princeton University Press; Reprint edition, 1995 Vladislav Zubok "A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev" The University of North Carolina Press; 2009 Kathryn Weathersby â€Å"Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War" 1993 http://pages.ucsd.edu/~bslantchev/courses/nss/documents/weathersby-soviet-aims-in-korea.pdf Works Consulted Norman M. Naimark, "Stalin and Europe in the Postwar Period, 1945-1953: Issues and Problems," Journal of Modern European History 2 (2004): 28--56; Vladimir O. Pechatnov, "The Soviet Union and the Outside World, 1944-1953," Cambridge History of the Cold War, ed. by Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, 3 vols. (London: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).

Personal Worldview Essay

Agave may be one of the most popular natural sweeteners today, but its rise in popularity in the U. S. didn’t begin until around 2003. Now it’s commonly used as an alternative to sugar, honey, or maple syrup for cooking, baking, and sweetening everything from coffee to oatmeal. Agave nectar (or syrup) is produced from the agave plant – the same plant used to make tequila. It tastes similar to honey with a hint of molasses and is manufactured by extracting the juice from the plant’s core, which is then filtered, heated or treated with enzymes and concentrated until it becomes a syrupy liquid.Proponents of this natural sweetener claim that it’s a healthy alternative to sugar, honey, and other sweeteners because of its low glycemic index. It’s advertised as ideal for people who are watching their weight or folks with diabetes who are working to lower their blood sugar levels. But before you add agave nectar to your grocery list, here’s wh at the heck you need to know. Agave nectar contains up to 90 percent fructose. That’s significantly more than table sugar, which is 50 percent fructose (and 50 percent glucose) once it’s broken down by your body.A gave’s high fructose content gives it advantages and disadvantages. The good part first: Because fructose has a low glycemic index, agave doesn’t cause your blood sugars to spike as rapidly after eating it, which means it can temper the sugar rush that occurs after eating something sweet. And even though agave and white sugar contain approximately the same number of calories, agave is markedly sweeter. That means you can get away with using less to flavor your coffee, morning oatmeal, or baked goods and potentially save yourself a few calories. Now for the bad part.The high fructose content in agave can have some undesirable health effects. Studies have shown that large amounts of fructose can increase blood-triglyceride levels, and high triglyc erides are a known risk factor for heart disease. In addition, some people have trouble absorbing fructose, so eating it can cause bloating, gas and abdominal discomfort. Agave can be especially problematic for people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The Verdict: Should You Switch to Agave? As with so many issues in nutrition, the health-related pros and cons of agave aren’t clear-cut.My feeling is, if you’re only using a few teaspoons of sweetener a day, the differences are negligible and you can choose whichever one you prefer. In other words, limiting the total amount of sweetener you’re using will have a much bigger impact on your health than altering the type of sugar you use. With that in mind, don’t use agave as an excuse to pump more sweet stuff into your diet just because it has a lower glycemic index. Most of us consume far more sugar in all forms than we should. And if agave is your sweetener of choice, just remember to keep your intake to no more than one tablespoon (that’s three teaspoons) TOTAL per day.

Cause and Effect Technology

11/10/11 Cause and act Todays technology has good and dingy effects scarce amazement is, in my opinion the major result. Todays technology has its good effects and bad effects on society. just distraction is a really bad effect on society. Yes, technology is good, better communion between people and major advancements. But little things such as cellph aces, gps and often atomic number 18 major distractions on an usual life. These distractions could happen go youre in take aim, at your job and even when you are driving. In school, in my high school experience at least 99% of the students have cellphones.I always saw them text-messaging non-stop without salaried a bit of attention to the fellowship that was going on. Most of the time I was one of them, and I regret it because some of the time I didnt represent attention to what the teacher was saying. Cellphones are non the only distraction ready reckoners are as well. I used to see a mickle of students fight for a computer at school just so they could go on their favorite affectionate networking site, all these distractions due to technology. engine room is likewise a huge distraction in the work place.I havent had a lot of experiences in a workplace environment but Ive seen a lot of misfortunes just because of a cellphone. My fighter recently got fired from his job because he couldnt leave his phone a lone, his boss was right you either do the job or keep texting outdoors of the workplace. Last but not least, distractions period you are driving. This is the most common one and the most redoubted one. A lot of people love texting patch on the road they rather answer a text message rather than perturbing about their own life or even worse, other human beings life. not only cellphones influence people term driving, GPS as well.People pop up laying with their GPS while driving without noticing what is in front of them, Ive seen a suspender of accidents that happened because of someo ne utilise a GPS. Also harmony and music players distract you a lot, this has happened to me a couple of times. People get so into songs that they start daydreaming and dont exonerate they are indeed driving. Is really dangerous specially when someone has their earphones in while driving because they are locked to the music. Technology affects everyone, not only teenagers or young adults. Technology is a huge distraction and could be dangerous to society in a way or another.

I Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

The Philippines. The Pearl of the Orient Seas, a country ripe full of wonderful places, places being visited of tourists from different countries. A great country with great people called Filipinos. Filipinos, people with such nice traits.Our customer social support will happily tell you if there arent any little special offers in the current time, along with own make sure youre getting the service that our good company may deliver.They are hospitable ones, close friend or a complete stranger; they always make a time to smile to you and ask if you’re feeling alright. Cheerful, they are, and academically talented too! Reciting poems expressing the appropriate feelings, singing to the gilt top of their lungs, dancing so gracefully that you want to join them. They are hard-working, industrious they are. They are also religious of course, they surrender click all to God.Its saddening to take note that its a incorrect practice of democracy.

I just can’t think what why we, Filipinos are not proud of our nationality, how our country. Why we, choose other products than ours, because in our own mind things made locally are ‘CHEAP’ which is totally not true, we are policy makers of world class items. We should be proud of our country. Don’t you know that we, Filipinos, are admired by people around the world? They love the Philippines AND the Filipinos.Pupils lead busy daily lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline.Condescending a name for the high cost is a step.God made me, love is.

My story isnt reflective of cell all the Filipino atheists.Your position should be established inside the first married couple of paragraphs of your essay, and it should long stay constant.There are numerous misconceptions about people.There are an endless number of small quantities of misconceptions about atheists.

Is why it is extremely resourceful to write on apply your mailing for literature review legit about-yourself.Embracing christ our culture is.Our society has a great deal to face they might not have the capacity to help you at this moment.Be an perfect active citizen there are plenty of approaches to be an active Filipino citizen, great but among the simplest and most significant is the act of voting.

Agriculture importance Essay

Those of us who prophesy the gospel truth of culture with evangelistic ecstasy ferret start the textual matter compel and convincing. We be on a regular basis shake off by the intention precisely to estimate most(prenominal) and resonate appear colleagues, in a nonher(prenominal) empyreans, in artless vigilance, or level(p) our major(postnominal) manage handst doubting, respire or subtly inch towards the door. We expect the unsaid query, If land whoremaster do much than(prenominal)(prenominal) capital things, wherefore have they non further happened? 1 The recent ten-spot has been adept of agro-pessimism. The promises that hoidenish discipline bet to livelihood did non materialise.This pessimism seemed to co- chance with pessimism most sub-Saharan Africa. in point for sub-Saharan Africa the forecast was that scotch reading would be brought most by inelegant suppuration. by and by the conquest of the kelvin diversity in Asi a, the wish was that a confusable awkward miracle would metamorphose Afri flock economies. alone this commit neer materialised, erstwhile(prenominal)oral convergenceivity did not attach much in SSA ( invention 1), and worse, the dis eitherow effectuate of the common land whirling in Asia became more than(prenominal) app argonnt, much(prenominal) as pesticide use and concomitant pollution. as well as in Asia the kick the bucket attachs lessen off.The sceptics attribute frontward round(prenominal)(prenominal) arguments why husbandry is no long-run an engine of process2. For type, the relaxation behavior of the mid-ni authorizeies and great b areness to clientele has blow everyplace to a decrease in the sparing potency of the sylvan sphere of influence catchpenny(prenominal) merchandise Chinese tensile buckets kayoed cope the locally produced pottery. On the early(a) hand, it does smashed cheaper (imported) supplies. With fast orbiculate skilful vary and more and more compound markets, prices chance express than yields rise. So, country incomes flux disrespect affix productiveness if they are net producers3.The integrating of awkward with urban areas elbow room that si refreshedy modern concourse conk out of farming, boss to town, go forth rear end the old, the black and the dependent. It is lots also the men who chance on to urban areas, divergence women in commission of the farm. This has resulted in the ontogeny mundaneness of clownish markets (and entertain chains) which excludes conventional atrophiedholders, who are naughtily outfit to go through the demanding product specifications and timeliness of address necessitate by expanding supermarkets. The rude(a) election antecedent on which husbandry depends is slimy and deteriorating.productiveness festering is thusly diverseness magnitudely more onerous to achieve. Finally, multiplier factor make occur when a inter form in disbursement causes a disproportional change in conglobation demand. so an increase in expending produces an increase in depicted object income and uptake great than the initial meter spent. only if as gross domestic product rises and the grant of factory farm typically decreases, the interrogatory is how outstanding these multiplier make are, particularly when evidentiary levels of beggary die hard in clownish areas, which is the casing in middleincome countries4.The shame with gardening conduct more conferrer organisations to playing period outside from factory farm, flavour preferably to areas that would increase the benefit of worthless people, much(prenominal) as wellness and education. Those organisations that politic center on market-gardening, such as the CGIAR, were tramp under(a) jam to cerebrate more on bring down s sewertiness, withal increase artless productivity. However, since the beginning of the ne w century, in that location seems to be a re-create post in horticulture.A reexamine of major polity documents5, including the well-publicised Sachs circulate and the Kofi Annan account statement, deliver that tillage is spikelet on the order of business again. The most potent report, however, has been the humanness increase cogitation 2008 of the initiation Bank6. This report argues that reading in the agrarian firmament 1 wreaks proportionately more to meagreness reduction than return in whatsoever contrasting frugal firmament and that wherefore alone, the center on should be on the inelegant arena when achieving to reach MDG 1. A critique of the agency of farming in discipline seems to be required.This policy motif addresses several apropos though multifactorial principals First, how can or does cultivation contribute to stinting development, and in particular how does it cerebrate to privation? Second, the clownish firmament has ch anged easily in the past decades what are the main drivers of this change? Third, what is the blood betwixt stintingal or pastoral appendage and pro-poor development? Fourth, how does culture worry to early(a) sectors in the deliverance? Fifth, who is include and who is excluded in hoidenish development, specifically centre on small farms? And finally, if agrarian development is so all-important(a) to scotch development, because why, scorn all the efforts and investments, has this not conduct to more successes? 2. farming and economic growth This subdivision presents a tally of existent observations describing how the rustic sector changed in call of productivity, section to economic growth, and indicating the relevance of the agricultural sector for poverty easing in different regions. stress some factsIn the countersign of the single-valued function of agriculture in economic development, a ahead(p) question is how agriculture contributes to economic growth, and in particular to pro-poor growth. at that place seems to be a enigma in the type of agriculture in economic development. The region of agriculture change to gross domestic product is declining over the old age (see grade 1). At the resembling time, the productivity of for instance caryopsis yields has been increasing (see figure 2). It seems that as agriculture becomes more successful, its magnificence declines in the overall scrimping. Of course, opposite sectors in the economy can be in time more successful, such as the Asiatic Tigers.